{"id":9678,"date":"2016-10-26T23:51:24","date_gmt":"2016-10-26T21:51:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.montagneaperte.it\/ambienteebiodiversita\/?p=9678"},"modified":"2016-10-27T00:15:15","modified_gmt":"2016-10-26T22:15:15","slug":"coenonympha-pamphilus-ninfa-minore","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.montagneaperte.it\/ambienteebiodiversita\/coenonympha-pamphilus-ninfa-minore\/","title":{"rendered":"Coenonympha pamphilus &#8211; Ninfa minore"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1458317537009{background-color: #efefef !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: contain !important;}&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1477518090292{background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: contain !important;}&#8221;]<em><strong>Coenonympha pamphilus <\/strong><\/em>&#8211;\u00a0Linnaeus, 1758[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"grve-element grve-dropcap\" style=\"\"><p><span class=\"grve-style-1 grve-bg-primary-1\">D<\/span>escrizione<\/p><\/div>[vc_column_text]Farfalla diurna della famiglia dei\u00a0Ninfalidi<br \/>\n\u00c8 diffusa e comune in tutta Italia e anche in Europa, negli ambienti erbosi, ai margini dei boschi, dalla pianura sino ai 2000 m di quota;\u00a0\u00a0in Sardegna \u00e8 sostituita da <em>Coenonympha lyllus<\/em>.<br \/>\nQuesta specie quando \u00e8 posata tiene sempre le ali chiuse; la si pu\u00f2 comunque riconoscere dalle piccole dimensioni (apertura alare di circa 3 cm), dalla colorazione grigio-brunastra seguita da una striscia biancastra nella faccia inferiore dell&#8217;ala posteriore e dalla colorazione aranciata di quella anteriore, ove \u00e8 anche presente una macchia ocellata piccola ma molto ben marcata.<br \/>\nLa faccia superiore delle ali \u00e8 di colore arancio brillante con margine stretto di colore grigio.<br \/>\nS&#8217;invola tra maggio e settembre, con pi\u00f9 generazioni annuali.<br \/>\nLa si vede volare anche con tempo nuvoloso.[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"grve-element grve-hr grve-dashed-line-divider\" style=\"margin-bottom: 5px;padding-top: 5px;padding-bottom: 5px;\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.montagneaperte.it\/ambienteebiodiversita\/avvertenze-per-la-lettura-delle-schede\/\">AVVERTENZE PER LA LETTURA DELLE SCHEDE\u00a0<\/a><\/strong>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<h5 class=\"grve-element grve-align-left grve-title-line grve-h5\" style=\"\"><span>Galleria<\/span><\/h5><div class=\"grve-element grve-gallery grve-isotope grve-gallery-popup\" style=\"\" data-gutter=\"yes\" data-type=\"3-columns\" data-layout=\"fitRows\"><div class=\"grve-isotope-container\"><div class=\"grve-isotope-item \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.montagneaperte.it\/ambienteebiodiversita\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/10\/Small_heath_butterfly_Coenonympha_pamphilus.jpg\"><figure class=\"grve-image-hover grve-zoom-in\"><div class=\"grve-media grve-dark-overlay grve-opacity-80\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"560\" src=\"https:\/\/www.montagneaperte.it\/ambienteebiodiversita\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/10\/Small_heath_butterfly_Coenonympha_pamphilus-560x560.jpg\" class=\"attachment-grve-image-small-square size-grve-image-small-square\" alt=\"Ninfa piccola [da wikimedia, foto di Charlesjsharp Own work, from Sharp Photography, CC BY-SA 4.0, commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=38703633]\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.montagneaperte.it\/ambienteebiodiversita\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/10\/Small_heath_butterfly_Coenonympha_pamphilus-560x560.jpg 560w, https:\/\/www.montagneaperte.it\/ambienteebiodiversita\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/10\/Small_heath_butterfly_Coenonympha_pamphilus-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.montagneaperte.it\/ambienteebiodiversita\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/10\/Small_heath_butterfly_Coenonympha_pamphilus-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/www.montagneaperte.it\/ambienteebiodiversita\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/10\/Small_heath_butterfly_Coenonympha_pamphilus-80x80.jpg 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/div><figcaption><h6 class=\"grve-title grve-dark\">Ninfa piccola <br>[da wikimedia, foto di Charlesjsharp <br>Own work, from Sharp Photography, <br>CC BY-SA 4.0, commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/<br>index.php?curid=38703633]<\/h6><span class=\"grve-caption grve-dark\">Ninfa piccola <br>[da wikimedia, foto di Charlesjsharp <br>Own work, from Sharp Photography, <br>CC BY-SA 4.0, commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/<br>index.php?curid=38703633]<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>[vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner]<div class=\"grve-element grve-hr grve-line-divider\" style=\"\"><\/div>[\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h5 class=\"grve-element grve-align-left grve-title-double-line\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8053 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.montagneaperte.it\/ambienteebiodiversita\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/09\/arge-leps.it_.gif\" alt=\"Logo leps.it\" width=\"95\" height=\"64\" \/>Link da Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa [www.leps.it]: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.leps.it\/indexjs.htm?SpeciesPages\/CoenoPamphi.htm\" target=\"_blank\"><em><strong>Coenonympha pamphilus<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u00a0<em><strong>&#8211;\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><strong>Linnaeus, 1758<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"grve-element grve-hr grve-line-divider\" style=\"\"><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h5 class=\"grve-element grve-align-left grve-title-double-line\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-7834\" src=\"http:\/\/www.montagneaperte.it\/ambienteebiodiversita\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2016\/05\/imgres.jpg\" alt=\"Wikipedia\" width=\"152\" height=\"175\" \/><\/h5>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<div id=\"rdp-we-main\" data-resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Small_heath_(butterfly)\">\n<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-aria-live-region\" class=\"mw-aria-live-region\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"mw-page-container\">\n\t<div class=\"mw-page-container-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sitenotice-container\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-siteNotice\"><!-- CentralNotice --><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-column-start\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-content-container\">\n\t\t\t<main id=\"rdp-we-content\" class=\"mw-body\">\n\t\t\t\t<header class=\"mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<\/header>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-bodyContent\" class=\"vector-body\" aria-labelledby=\"firstHeading\" data-mw-ve-target-container>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-body-before-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><div class=\"mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" data-mw-parsoid-version=\"0.25.0.0-alpha1\" data-mw-html-version=\"2.8.0\"><section data-mw-section-id=\"0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQ\"><div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\" about=\"#mwt1\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAg\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Short description\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Short_description\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"Species of butterfly\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'>Species of butterfly<\/div><span class=\"mw-empty-elt\" about=\"#mwt1\"><link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Articles_with_short_description\"\/><link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata\"\/><\/span>\n<p about=\"#mwt4\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" class=\"mw-empty-elt\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAw\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Good article\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Good_article\"},\"params\":{},\"i\":0}},\"\\n\",{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Speciesbox\\n\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Speciesbox\"},\"params\":{\"name\":{\"wt\":\"Small heath\"},\"image\":{\"wt\":\"Coenonympha pamphilus - Kulna.jpg\"},\"image_caption\":{\"wt\":\"Underside\"},\"genus\":{\"wt\":\"Coenonympha\"},\"species\":{\"wt\":\"pamphilus\"},\"authority\":{\"wt\":\"([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Lepidoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])\"},\"status\":{\"wt\":\"LC\"},\"status_system\":{\"wt\":\"IUCN3.1\"},\"status_ref\":{\"wt\":\"&lt;ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn |title=&apos;&apos;Coenonympha pamphilus&apos;&apos; |author=van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., L\u00f3pez Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. &amp; Settele, J. |name-list-style=amp |article-number=e.T174461A7076327 |date=2010 |access-date=13 December 2020}}&lt;\/ref>\"},\"synonyms\":{\"wt\":\"{{hidden begin}}\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha major&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Pionneau, 1929&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha tardenota&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Caruel, 1944&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha antelatecana&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Verity, 1953&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha nigromarginata&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Lempke, 1931&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha transiens&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Caruel, 1944&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha tunioti&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Caruel, 1944&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Papilio lyllus&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Esper, 1806&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha bipunctata&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Gussich, 1917&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha postgalvagnii&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Verity, 1953&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha antipunctata&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Lempke, 1957&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha virginalis&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Caruel, 1944&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha bicolor&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Peerdeman, 1962&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha albata&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Goodson, 1955&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha rhoumensis&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Harrison, 1948&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha impupillata&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Lempke, 1933&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha lylliformis&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Verity, 1953&lt;\/small>\\n* &apos;&apos;Coenonympha venata&apos;&apos; &lt;small>Lempke, 1957&lt;\/small>\\n{{hidden end}}\"},\"synonyms_ref\":{\"wt\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"CoL\\\">{{cite web |title=Coenonympha pamphilus Linnaeus, 1758 |url=https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/WUND |publisher=[[Catalogue of Life]] |access-date=13 December 2020}}&lt;\/ref>\"}},\"i\":1}}]}'><meta typeof=\"mw:Extension\/indicator\" about=\"#mwt3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBA\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"indicator\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"good-star\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"[[File:symbol support vote.svg|20x20px |link=Wikipedia:Good articles*   |This is a good article. Click here for more information.]]\\n\"}}'\/><link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Good_articles\"\/>\n<\/p><table class=\"infobox biota\" style=\"text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%\" about=\"#mwt4\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\" style=\"color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)\">Small heath<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Frameless\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_Kulna.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_Kulna.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d8\/Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_Kulna.jpg\/250px-Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_Kulna.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"187\" width=\"250\" class=\"mw-file-element\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 88%\">Underside<\/td><\/tr>\n\n\n<tr style=\"color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)\">\n<th colspan=\"2\"><div style=\"text-align: center\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conservation_status\" title=\"Conservation status\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Conservation status<\/a><\/div><\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><div style=\"text-align: center\"><span class=\"mw-default-size skin-invert-image notpageimage noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Frameless\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Status_iucn3.1_LC_WCAG.svg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Status_iucn3.1_LC_WCAG.svg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ed\/Status_iucn3.1_LC_WCAG.svg\/250px-Status_iucn3.1_LC_WCAG.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Least Concern\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" height=\"67\" width=\"250\" class=\"mw-file-element\"\/><\/a><\/span><br\/><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Least_Concern\" title=\"Least Concern\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">Least Concern<\/a><link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species\"\/><small><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\">\u00a0<\/span>(<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUCN_Red_List\" title=\"IUCN Red List\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IUCN 3.1<\/a>)<sup about=\"#mwt8\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-iucn_1-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"iucn\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-iucn-1\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-iucn-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBw\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwCA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/small><\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n\n\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\" style=\"color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taxonomy_(biology)\" title=\"Taxonomy (biology)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Scientific classification<\/a> <span class=\"plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert\" style=\"font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\" data-mw='{\"caption\":\"Edit this classification\"}'><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Taxonomy\/Coenonympha\" title=\"Edit this classification\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Edit this classification\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" height=\"15\" width=\"15\" class=\"mw-file-element\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kingdom:<\/td>\n<td><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal\" title=\"Animal\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Animalia<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr class=\"taxonrow\"> \n<td>Phylum:<\/td>\n<td><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthropod\" title=\"Arthropod\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Arthropoda<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr class=\"taxonrow\"> \n<td><i>Clade<\/i>:<\/td>\n<td><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pancrustacea\" title=\"Pancrustacea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pancrustacea<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr class=\"taxonrow\"> \n<td>Class:<\/td>\n<td><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insect\" title=\"Insect\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Insecta<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr class=\"taxonrow\"> \n<td>Order:<\/td>\n<td><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lepidoptera\" title=\"Lepidoptera\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Lepidoptera<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr class=\"taxonrow\"> \n<td>Family:<\/td>\n<td><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nymphalidae\" title=\"Nymphalidae\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Nymphalidae<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr class=\"taxonrow\"> \n<td>Genus:<\/td>\n<td><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coenonympha\" title=\"Coenonympha\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><i>Coenonympha<\/i><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr class=\"taxonrow\">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<td>Species:<\/td>\n<td><div style=\"display:inline\" class=\"species\"><i><b>C.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\">\u00a0<\/span>pamphilus<\/b><\/i><\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\" style=\"color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Binomial_nomenclature\" title=\"Binomial nomenclature\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Binomial name<\/a><\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align: center\"><b><span class=\"binomial\"><span style=\"font-weight:normal;\"><\/span><i>Coenonympha pamphilus<\/i><\/span><\/b><br\/><div style=\"font-size: 85%;\">(<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Linnaeus\" title=\"Carl Linnaeus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Linnaeus<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lepidoptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae\" title=\"Lepidoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">1758<\/a>)<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\" style=\"color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synonym_(taxonomy)\" title=\"Synonym (taxonomy)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Synonyms<\/a><sup about=\"#mwt13\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-CoL_2-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"CoL\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-CoL-2\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-CoL-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwCQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwCg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwCw\">[<\/span>2<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwDA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align: left\">\n<div class=\"hidden-begin mw-collapsible  mw-collapsed\" style=\"   \"><div class=\"hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color\" style=\"  \"><\/div><div class=\"hidden-content mw-collapsible-content\" style=\"  \">\n<ul><li><i>Coenonympha major<\/i> <small>Pionneau, 1929<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha tardenota<\/i> <small>Caruel, 1944<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha antelatecana<\/i> <small>Verity, 1953<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha nigromarginata<\/i> <small>Lempke, 1931<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha transiens<\/i> <small>Caruel, 1944<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha tunioti<\/i> <small>Caruel, 1944<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Papilio lyllus<\/i> <small>Esper, 1806<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha bipunctata<\/i> <small>Gussich, 1917<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha postgalvagnii<\/i> <small>Verity, 1953<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha antipunctata<\/i> <small>Lempke, 1957<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha virginalis<\/i> <small>Caruel, 1944<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha bicolor<\/i> <small>Peerdeman, 1962<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha albata<\/i> <small>Goodson, 1955<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha rhoumensis<\/i> <small>Harrison, 1948<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha impupillata<\/i> <small>Lempke, 1933<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha lylliformis<\/i> <small>Verity, 1953<\/small><\/li>\n<li><i>Coenonympha venata<\/i> <small>Lempke, 1957<\/small><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr>\n\n\n\n\n<\/tbody><\/table><link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Articles_with_'species'_microformats\" about=\"#mwt4\"\/><span typeof=\"mw:Nowiki\" about=\"#mwt4\"><\/span>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwDQ\">The <b id=\"rdp-we-mwDg\">small heath<\/b> (<i id=\"rdp-we-mwDw\"><b id=\"rdp-we-mwEA\">Coenonympha pamphilus<\/b><\/i>) is a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butterfly\" title=\"Butterfly\" id=\"rdp-we-mwEQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">butterfly<\/a> species belonging to the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_(taxonomy)\" title=\"Family (taxonomy)\" id=\"rdp-we-mwEg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">family<\/a> <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nymphalidae\" title=\"Nymphalidae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwEw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Nymphalidae<\/a>, classified within the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subfamily\" title=\"Subfamily\" id=\"rdp-we-mwFA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">subfamily<\/a> <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satyrinae\" title=\"Satyrinae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwFQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Satyrinae<\/a> (commonly known as \"the browns\"). It is the smallest butterfly in this subfamily. The small heath is <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diurnality\" title=\"Diurnality\" id=\"rdp-we-mwFg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">diurnal<\/a> and flies with a noticeable fluttering flight pattern near the ground. It rests with closed wings when not in flight.<sup about=\"#mwt20\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:7_3-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":7\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:7-3\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwFw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwGA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwGQ\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwGg\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt21\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:11_4-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":11\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\" id=\"rdp-we-mwGw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwHA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwHQ\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwHg\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt22\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:12_5-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":12\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:12-5\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-5\" id=\"rdp-we-mwHw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwIA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwIQ\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwIg\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> It is widespread in colonies throughout the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grassland\" title=\"Grassland\" id=\"rdp-we-mwIw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">grasslands<\/a> of <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eurasia\" title=\"Eurasia\" id=\"rdp-we-mwJA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Eurasia<\/a> and north-western <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Africa\" title=\"Africa\" id=\"rdp-we-mwJQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Africa<\/a>, preferring drier habitats than other <i id=\"rdp-we-mwJg\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coenonympha\" title=\"Coenonympha\" id=\"rdp-we-mwJw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Coenonympha<\/a><\/i>, such as <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salt_marsh\" title=\"Salt marsh\" id=\"rdp-we-mwKA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">salt marshes<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpine_tundra\" title=\"Alpine tundra\" id=\"rdp-we-mwKQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">alpine meadows<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wetland\" title=\"Wetland\" id=\"rdp-we-mwKg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">wetlands<\/a>, and grasslands near water (i.e. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stream\" title=\"Stream\" id=\"rdp-we-mwKw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">streams<\/a>).<sup about=\"#mwt26\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-6\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-6\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-6\" id=\"rdp-we-mwLA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwLQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwLg\">[<\/span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwLw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt29\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-7\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-7\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-7\" id=\"rdp-we-mwMA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwMQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwMg\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwMw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt32\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-8\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-8\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-8\" id=\"rdp-we-mwNA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwNQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwNg\">[<\/span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwNw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> However, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Habitat_destruction\" title=\"Habitat destruction\" id=\"rdp-we-mwOA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">habitat loss<\/a> caused by human activities has led to a decline in populations in some locations.<sup about=\"#mwt33\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:11_4-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":11\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\" id=\"rdp-we-mwOQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwOg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwOw\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwPA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwPQ\">The <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larva\" title=\"Larva\" id=\"rdp-we-mwPg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">larval<\/a> host plants are <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poaceae\" title=\"Poaceae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwPw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">grasses<\/a>, found in various habitats, while adult butterflies feed on <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nectar\" title=\"Nectar\" id=\"rdp-we-mwQA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">nectar<\/a> from flowers.<sup about=\"#mwt34\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:8_9-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":8\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-9\" id=\"rdp-we-mwQQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwQg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwQw\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwRA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt35\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:9_10-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":9\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-10\" id=\"rdp-we-mwRQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwRg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwRw\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwSA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> The males of this species are territorial, which plays a large role in obtaining a female mate. To establish dominance, they partake in <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lek_mating\" title=\"Lek mating\" id=\"rdp-we-mwSQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">lekking<\/a>, a mating display in which males aggregate in a competitive display to attract passing females.<sup about=\"#mwt38\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:10_11-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":10\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:10-11\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-11\" id=\"rdp-we-mwSg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwSw\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwTA\">[<\/span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwTQ\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<meta property=\"mw:PageProp\/toc\" id=\"rdp-we-mwTg\" data-mw='{\"autoGenerated\":true}'\/><\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwTw\" aria-labelledby=\"Taxonomy\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Taxonomy\">Taxonomy<\/h2><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwUA\">The small heath is one of 40 species classified within the genus <i id=\"rdp-we-mwUQ\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coenonympha\" title=\"Coenonympha\" id=\"rdp-we-mwUg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Coenonympha<\/a><\/i> and placed in the family <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nymphalidae\" title=\"Nymphalidae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwUw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Nymphalidae<\/a>. It belongs to the tribe <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satyrini\" title=\"Satyrini\" id=\"rdp-we-mwVA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Satyrini<\/a> and its <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satyrini\" title=\"Satyrini\" id=\"rdp-we-mwVQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Coenonymphina<\/a> subtribe.<sup about=\"#mwt41\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-12\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-12\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-12\" id=\"rdp-we-mwVg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwVw\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwWA\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwWQ\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> The small heath was <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Species_description\" title=\"Species description\" id=\"rdp-we-mwWg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">first described<\/a> in 1758 by <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Linnaeus\" title=\"Carl Linnaeus\" id=\"rdp-we-mwWw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Carl Linnaeus<\/a>, a Swedish botanist and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoology\" title=\"Zoology\" id=\"rdp-we-mwXA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">zoologist<\/a>, in his book <i id=\"rdp-we-mwXQ\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Systema_Naturae\" title=\"Systema Naturae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwXg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Systema Naturae<\/a><\/i>.<sup about=\"#mwt44\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-13\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-13\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-13\" id=\"rdp-we-mwXw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwYA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwYQ\">[<\/span>13<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwYg\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> Originally, the female <i id=\"rdp-we-mwYw\">C. pamphilus<\/i> butterfly was referred to as the Golden Heath Eye and the male as the Selvedged Heath Eye. Entomologist <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moses_Harris\" title=\"Moses Harris\" id=\"rdp-we-mwZA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Moses Harris<\/a> later described it as the Small Heath or the Gatekeeper. However, the Gatekeeper now describes the <i id=\"rdp-we-mwZQ\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gatekeeper_(butterfly)\" title=\"Gatekeeper (butterfly)\" id=\"rdp-we-mwZg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pyronia tithonus<\/a><\/i>.<sup about=\"#mwt45\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:6_14-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":6\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-14\" id=\"rdp-we-mwZw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwaA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwaQ\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwag\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwaw\" aria-labelledby=\"Description_in_Seitz\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Description_in_Seitz\">Description in Seitz<\/h2><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwbA\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwbQ\">C. pamphilus.<\/i> Small butterflies which on the upper side are the colour of reddish yellow sand. Forewing beneath reddish yellow, bordered with grey and bearing a small pupilled apical ocellus; hindwing diluted with grey, with a shortened, curved, whitish median band shaded with brown. The ocelli are generally completely absent or only indicated by faint and indistinct vestiges of dots or rings. \u2014 The ground-colour of the hindwing of the Northern form, <i id=\"rdp-we-mwbg\">pamphilus<\/i> L. (= <i id=\"rdp-we-mwbw\">nephele<\/i> Hbn., <i id=\"rdp-we-mwcA\">menaleas<\/i> Poda, <i id=\"rdp-we-mwcQ\">gardetta<\/i> Loche) (48 g) is mouse grey beneath; it is the only form in the North, and extends throughout North and Central Europe to Anterior Asia, Turkestan, Ferghana and Persia. \u2014 In ab. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwcg\">bipupillata<\/i> Cosm. the apical ocellus is greatly enlarged and doubly pupilled. \u2014 <i id=\"rdp-we-mwcw\">marginata<\/i> Stgr. (48 g) has a very broad dark distal margin on all the wings, but its underside resembles that of <i id=\"rdp-we-mwdA\">lyllus.<\/i> (A broadening of the blackish distal margin occurs in the summer brood in many localities.) \u2014 <i id=\"rdp-we-mwdQ\">lyllus<\/i> Esp. is the summer form from Southern Europe, North Africa and the southern part of Anterior Asia. In this form the wings are broader, the apex of the forewing is more rounded, the margin of the hindwing often undulating, the underside of the hindwing not mouse-grey but also sandy yellow with a fine, curved, median line. \u2014 In <i id=\"rdp-we-mwdg\">Thyrsides<\/i> Stgr. (48 g), from Sicily-, Dalmatia and the southern portion of Anterior Asia, of which I also found typical specimens in the valleys of the Atlas, the hindwing on both sides bears a submarginal row of ocelli, which are sometimes pupilled. \u2014 Larva bright green with a thin, double, white dorsal stripe and yellow lateral one. Head pale green; throughout the summer on grasses. Pupa stout, green, with darker markings. The butterflies are the commonest Satyrids in the whole of Europe and are on the wing from the end of April until October, everywhere on meadows and fallow fields, cornfields and bare summits of hills. They almost fly only when disturbed, and soon settle again, affecting roads and bare patches of ground, sometimes inclining their always closed wings to one side. Their flight is jumping, slow, and low. They even fly into the towns, wandering over gardens and yards, and one sometimes sees them hopping along on paved streets for traffic, and settling for a moment on the pavement.<sup about=\"#mwt47\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-15\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-15\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-15\" id=\"rdp-we-mwdw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mweA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mweQ\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mweg\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p> \n<ul class=\"gallery mw-gallery-packed\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/gallery\" about=\"#mwt48\" id=\"rdp-we-mwew\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"gallery\",\"attrs\":{\"mode\":\"packed\",\"heights\":\"140px\"},\"body\":{}}'>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 180.66666666667px;\" id=\"rdp-we-mwfA\"><div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 178.66666666667px;\" id=\"rdp-we-mwfQ\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\" id=\"rdp-we-mwfg\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:(MHNT)_Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_Foret_de_Bouconne,_France_-_male_dorsal.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Coenonympha pamphilus \u2642\" id=\"rdp-we-mwfw\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:(MHNT)_Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_Foret_de_Bouconne,_France_-_male_dorsal.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/ca\/%28MHNT%29_Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_Foret_de_Bouconne%2C_France_-_male_dorsal.jpg\/330px-%28MHNT%29_Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_Foret_de_Bouconne%2C_France_-_male_dorsal.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Coenonympha pamphilus \u2642\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"140\" width=\"179\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwgA\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"gallerytext\" id=\"rdp-we-mwgQ\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwgg\">Coenonympha pamphilus<\/i> \u2642 <\/div><\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 182px;\" id=\"rdp-we-mwgw\"><div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 180px;\" id=\"rdp-we-mwhA\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\" id=\"rdp-we-mwhQ\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:(MHNT)_Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_Foret_de_Bouconne,_France_-_male_ventral.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Coenonympha pamphilus \u2642 \u25b3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwhg\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:(MHNT)_Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_Foret_de_Bouconne,_France_-_male_ventral.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f5\/%28MHNT%29_Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_Foret_de_Bouconne%2C_France_-_male_ventral.jpg\/330px-%28MHNT%29_Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_Foret_de_Bouconne%2C_France_-_male_ventral.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Coenonympha pamphilus \u2642 \u25b3\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"140\" width=\"180\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwhw\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"gallerytext\" id=\"rdp-we-mwiA\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwiQ\">Coenonympha pamphilus<\/i> \u2642 \u25b3<\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<section data-mw-section-id=\"3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwig\" aria-labelledby=\"Subspecies\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Subspecies\">Subspecies<\/h3><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwiw\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subspecies\" title=\"Subspecies\" id=\"rdp-we-mwjA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Subspecies<\/a> of the <i id=\"rdp-we-mwjQ\">Coenonympha pamphilus<\/i> include:<sup about=\"#mwt50\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-16\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-16\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-16\" id=\"rdp-we-mwjg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwjw\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwkA\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwkQ\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt53\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-17\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-17\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-17\" id=\"rdp-we-mwkg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwkw\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwlA\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwlQ\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul id=\"rdp-we-mwlg\"><li id=\"rdp-we-mwlw\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwmA\">C. p. lyllus<\/i> <small id=\"rdp-we-mwmQ\">(Esper, 1806)<\/small> (southern Europe and Siberia, the Crimea, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia)<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwmg\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwmw\">C. p. marginata<\/i> <small id=\"rdp-we-mwnA\">Heyne, [1894]<\/small>  (southern Europe and Siberia, the Crimea, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia)<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwnQ\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwng\">C. p. fulvolactea<\/i> <small id=\"rdp-we-mwnw\">Verity (1926)<\/small> (middle Asia)<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwoA\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwoQ\">C. p. centralasiae<\/i> <small id=\"rdp-we-mwog\">Verity (1926)<\/small> (middle Asia)<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwow\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwpA\">C. p. infrarasa<\/i> <small id=\"rdp-we-mwpQ\">Verity (1926)<\/small> (middle Asia)<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwpg\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwpw\">C. p. juldusica<\/i> <small id=\"rdp-we-mwqA\">Verity (1926)<\/small> (middle Asia)<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwqQ\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwqg\">C. p. ferghana<\/i> <small id=\"rdp-we-mwqw\">Stauder (1924)<\/small> (middle Asia)<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwrA\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwrQ\">C. p. nitidissima<\/i> <small id=\"rdp-we-mwrg\">Verity (1924)<\/small> (middle Asia)<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwrw\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwsA\">C. p. asiaemontium<\/i> <small id=\"rdp-we-mwsQ\">Verity (1924)<\/small> (Altai Mountains)<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwsg\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwsw\">C. p. rhoumensis<\/i> <small id=\"rdp-we-mwtA\">Harrison (1948)<\/small><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"gallery mw-gallery-packed\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/gallery\" about=\"#mwt54\" id=\"rdp-we-mwtQ\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"gallery\",\"attrs\":{\"mode\":\"packed\",\"heights\":\"140px\"},\"body\":{}}'>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 200px;\" id=\"rdp-we-mwtg\"><div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 198px;\" id=\"rdp-we-mwtw\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\" id=\"rdp-we-mwuA\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:(MHNT)_Coenonympha_pamphilus_marginata_-_Foret_de_Bouconne,_France_-_female_dorsal.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Coenonympha pamphilus marginata \u2640\" id=\"rdp-we-mwuQ\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:(MHNT)_Coenonympha_pamphilus_marginata_-_Foret_de_Bouconne,_France_-_female_dorsal.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/65\/%28MHNT%29_Coenonympha_pamphilus_marginata_-_Foret_de_Bouconne%2C_France_-_female_dorsal.jpg\/330px-%28MHNT%29_Coenonympha_pamphilus_marginata_-_Foret_de_Bouconne%2C_France_-_female_dorsal.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Coenonympha pamphilus marginata \u2640\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"140\" width=\"198\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwug\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"gallerytext\" id=\"rdp-we-mwuw\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwvA\">Coenonympha pamphilus marginata<\/i> \u2640 <\/div><\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 201.33333333333px;\" id=\"rdp-we-mwvQ\"><div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 199.33333333333px;\" id=\"rdp-we-mwvg\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\" id=\"rdp-we-mwvw\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:(MHNT)_Coenonympha_pamphilus_marginata_-_Foret_de_Bouconne,_France_-_female_ventral.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Coenonympha pamphilus marginata \u2640 \u25b3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwwA\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:(MHNT)_Coenonympha_pamphilus_marginata_-_Foret_de_Bouconne,_France_-_female_ventral.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bd\/%28MHNT%29_Coenonympha_pamphilus_marginata_-_Foret_de_Bouconne%2C_France_-_female_ventral.jpg\/330px-%28MHNT%29_Coenonympha_pamphilus_marginata_-_Foret_de_Bouconne%2C_France_-_female_ventral.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Coenonympha pamphilus marginata \u2640 \u25b3\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"140\" width=\"200\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwwQ\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"gallerytext\" id=\"rdp-we-mwwg\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwww\">Coenonympha pamphilus marginata<\/i> \u2640 \u25b3<\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\" id=\"rdp-we-mwxA\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Small_heath_(Coenonympha_pamphilus)_P.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwxQ\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Small_heath_(Coenonympha_pamphilus)_P.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a7\/Small_heath_%28Coenonympha_pamphilus%29_P.jpg\/250px-Small_heath_%28Coenonympha_pamphilus%29_P.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"250\" width=\"250\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwxg\"\/><\/a><figcaption id=\"rdp-we-mwxw\">In <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poland\" title=\"Poland\" id=\"rdp-we-mwyA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Poland<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"4\" id=\"rdp-we-mwyQ\" aria-labelledby=\"Similar_species\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Similar_species\">Similar species<\/h3><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwyg\">The butterfly loosely resembles a small <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meadow_brown\" title=\"Meadow brown\" id=\"rdp-we-mwyw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">meadow brown<\/a>, but the brown of the wings appears noticeably paler in flight. Unlike the meadow brown and other common members of the subfamily <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satyrinae\" title=\"Satyrinae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwzA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Satyrinae<\/a>, the small heath is a lateral basker, only ever resting with its wings closed and angled at 90\u00b0 to the sun.<sup about=\"#mwt55\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:13_18-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":13\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-18\" id=\"rdp-we-mwzQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwzg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwzw\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw0A\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> It more closely resembles <i id=\"rdp-we-mw0Q\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coenonympha_caeca?action=edit&redlink=1\" title=\"Coenonympha caeca (page does not exist)\" class=\"new wiki-link\" typeof=\"mw:LocalizedAttrs\" id=\"rdp-we-mw0g\" data-mw-i18n='{\"title\":{\"lang\":\"x-page\",\"key\":\"red-link-title\",\"params\":[\"Coenonympha caeca\"]}}' target=\"_new\">Coenonympha caeca<\/a><\/i> (forewing without apical spots), <i id=\"rdp-we-mw0w\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coenonympha_tullia\" title=\"Coenonympha tullia\" id=\"rdp-we-mw1A\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Coenonympha tullia<\/a><\/i> (forewing apical spot smaller), and <i id=\"rdp-we-mw1Q\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coenonympha_symphita\" title=\"Coenonympha symphita\" id=\"rdp-we-mw1g\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Coenonympha symphita<\/a><\/i> (underside of hindwing without white spot and almost always with a complete row of spots on the forewing).<sup about=\"#mwt58\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-19\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-19\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-19\" id=\"rdp-we-mw1w\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw2A\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw2Q\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw2g\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"5\" id=\"rdp-we-mw2w\" aria-labelledby=\"Distribution_and_habitat\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Distribution_and_habitat\">Distribution and habitat<\/h2><\/div>\n<figure typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\" id=\"rdp-we-mw3A\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Breckland_Heath-Grassland_Ecosystem_-_geograph.org.uk_-_415793.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mw3Q\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Breckland_Heath-Grassland_Ecosystem_-_geograph.org.uk_-_415793.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a3\/Breckland_Heath-Grassland_Ecosystem_-_geograph.org.uk_-_415793.jpg\/250px-Breckland_Heath-Grassland_Ecosystem_-_geograph.org.uk_-_415793.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"167\" width=\"222\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mw3g\"\/><\/a><figcaption id=\"rdp-we-mw3w\">\nA semi-natural grassland in Europe\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mw4A\">The small heath is spread throughout the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Palaearctic\" title=\"Western Palaearctic\" id=\"rdp-we-mw4Q\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Western Palearctic<\/a>, particularly in <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Europe\" title=\"Europe\" id=\"rdp-we-mw4g\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Europe<\/a> where it has been reported in at least 40 different countries since 2002.<sup about=\"#mwt61\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:3_20-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":3\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:3-20\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-20\" id=\"rdp-we-mw4w\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw5A\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw5Q\">[<\/span>20<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw5g\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt64\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:5_21-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":5\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:5-21\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-21\" id=\"rdp-we-mw5w\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw6A\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw6Q\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw6g\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> It is commonly found in the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom\" title=\"United Kingdom\" id=\"rdp-we-mw6w\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">United Kingdom<\/a>, largely in <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/England\" title=\"England\" id=\"rdp-we-mw7A\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">England<\/a> and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wales\" title=\"Wales\" id=\"rdp-we-mw7Q\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wales<\/a>. Populations are also found in southwest <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siberia\" title=\"Siberia\" id=\"rdp-we-mw7g\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Siberia<\/a>, regions of <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asia\" title=\"Asia\" id=\"rdp-we-mw7w\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Asia<\/a>, and north <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Africa\" title=\"Africa\" id=\"rdp-we-mw8A\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Africa<\/a>.<sup about=\"#mwt67\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:6_14-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":6\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:6-14\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-14\" id=\"rdp-we-mw8Q\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw8g\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw8w\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw9A\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mw9Q\">As a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grassland\" title=\"Grassland\" id=\"rdp-we-mw9g\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">grasslands<\/a> species, the small heath prefers open habitats with shorter grass compared to other related species. It is also found in an extensive range of environments including <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meadow\" title=\"Meadow\" id=\"rdp-we-mw9w\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">meadows<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heath\" title=\"Heath\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-A\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">heaths<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountain\" title=\"Mountain\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-Q\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">mountains<\/a> (in the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montane_ecosystems\" title=\"Montane ecosystems\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-g\" target=\"_new\">subalpine<\/a> zone), and alongside railways.<sup about=\"#mwt68\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:7_3-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":7\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-w\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw_A\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw_Q\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw_g\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt71\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:1_22-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":1\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:1-22\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-22\" id=\"rdp-we-mw_w\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQE\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQI\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> It has been sighted in <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calcareous\" title=\"Calcareous\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">calcareous<\/a> grasslands throughout nineteen countries in Europe.<sup about=\"#mwt72\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:3_20-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":3\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-20\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQU\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQY\">[<\/span>20<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQc\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt75\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:4_23-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":4\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:4-23\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-23\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQk\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQo\">[<\/span>23<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQs\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> For mating and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oviparity\" title=\"Oviparity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">oviposition<\/a>, small heath butterflies prefer territories that are close to vegetation over areas that are open and clear.<sup about=\"#mwt76\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:1_22-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":1\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-22\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQ0\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQ4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQ8\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwARE\">The small heath also resides in biodiverse patches of green habitats (i.e. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenway_(landscape)\" title=\"Greenway (landscape)\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARI\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">greenways<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garden\" title=\"Garden\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gardens<\/a>, and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Park\" title=\"Park\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">parks<\/a>) in <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urban_area\" title=\"Urban area\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARU\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">urban areas<\/a>. These fragments create less-isolated corridors throughout cities, which help butterflies disperse throughout this habitat.<sup about=\"#mwt79\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:0_24-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":0\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:0-24\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-24\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARY\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARc\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARg\">[<\/span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARk\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"6\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARo\" aria-labelledby=\"Food_resources\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Food_resources\">Food resources<\/h2><\/div>\n\n<section data-mw-section-id=\"7\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARs\" aria-labelledby=\"Caterpillars\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Caterpillars\">Caterpillars<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARw\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Festuca_rubra_Saint-Pouange_2010.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAR0\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Festuca_rubra_Saint-Pouange_2010.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/30\/Festuca_rubra_Saint-Pouange_2010.jpg\/250px-Festuca_rubra_Saint-Pouange_2010.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"163\" width=\"238\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAR4\"\/><\/a><figcaption id=\"rdp-we-mwAR8\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwASA\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Festuca_rubra\" title=\"Festuca rubra\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASE\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Festuca rubra<\/a><\/i>, a food resource for small heath larvae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwASI\">The primary food resources for small heath larvae are different varieties of grass species. These include the <i id=\"rdp-we-mwASM\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthoxanthum_odoratum\" title=\"Anthoxanthum odoratum\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Anthoxanthum odoratum<\/a><\/i>, <i id=\"rdp-we-mwASU\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poa_pratensis\" title=\"Poa pratensis\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASY\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Poa pratensis<\/a><\/i>, <i id=\"rdp-we-mwASc\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agrostis_stolonifera\" title=\"Agrostis stolonifera\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Agrostis stolonifera<\/a><\/i>, and <i id=\"rdp-we-mwASk\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Festuca_rubra\" title=\"Festuca rubra\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASo\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Festuca rubra<\/a><\/i>, which commonly appear on some calcareous grasslands.<sup about=\"#mwt80\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:5_21-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":5\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-21\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASs\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASw\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAS0\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAS4\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt83\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:8_9-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":8\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:8-9\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-9\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAS8\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATE\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATI\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"8\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATM\" aria-labelledby=\"Adults\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Adults\">Adults<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATQ\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Yarrow_(Achillea_millefolium).jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATU\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Yarrow_(Achillea_millefolium).jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/17\/Yarrow_%28Achillea_millefolium%29.jpg\/250px-Yarrow_%28Achillea_millefolium%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"233\" width=\"187\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATY\"\/><\/a><figcaption id=\"rdp-we-mwATc\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Achillea_millefolium\" title=\"Achillea millefolium\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Yarrow<\/a>, a food resource for adult small heath<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwATk\">Adult small heath butterflies feed on floral nectar of a variety of flowers such as <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bramble\" title=\"Bramble\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATo\" target=\"_new\">bramble<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Achillea_millefolium\" title=\"Achillea millefolium\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATs\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">yarrow<\/a>, and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacobaea_vulgaris\" title=\"Jacobaea vulgaris\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ragwort<\/a>.<sup about=\"#mwt84\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:7_3-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":7\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAT0\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAT4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAT8\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> This nectar has a high content of minerals and nutrients (particularly amino acids and sugar), and is highly important for male and female butterfly reproductive success.<sup about=\"#mwt87\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:9_10-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":9\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:9-10\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-10\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUE\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUI\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUM\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUQ\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"9\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUU\" aria-labelledby=\"Parental_care\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Parental_care\">Parental care<\/h2><\/div>\n\n<section data-mw-section-id=\"10\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUY\" aria-labelledby=\"Oviposition\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Oviposition\">Oviposition<\/h3><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAUc\">The small heath is a plurivoltine butterfly, having multiple generations in a year.<sup about=\"#mwt90\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-25\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-25\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-25\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUk\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUo\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUs\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oviparity\" title=\"Oviparity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Oviposition<\/a> varies throughout the lifespan of a female small heath. The rate of oviposition is high for young females, particularly at the beginning of their reproductive life, while older females eventually lay fewer and yellower eggs.<sup about=\"#mwt93\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-WickmanKarlsson1987_26-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"WickmanKarlsson1987\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-WickmanKarlsson1987-26\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-WickmanKarlsson1987-26\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAU0\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAU4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAU8\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"11\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVE\" aria-labelledby=\"Host_plant_selection_for_egg_laying\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Host_plant_selection_for_egg_laying\">Host plant selection for egg laying<\/h3><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAVI\">Small heath females prefer to lay eggs in grassland.<sup about=\"#mwt94\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:7_3-3\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":7\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVM\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVU\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVY\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> They use a biological adhesive to lay its eggs directly onto host plants, plants near host plants, or wilting leaves. If the eggs are laid on or near host plants, the larvae are able to feed on the host plant. If attached to the dead grasses, they are forced to find their own food immediately after hatching.<sup about=\"#mwt97\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-27\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-27\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-27\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVc\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVk\">[<\/span>27<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVo\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"12\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVs\" aria-labelledby=\"Life_cycle\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Life_cycle\">Life cycle<\/h2><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-halign-right\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVw\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:South1906Plate93.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAV0\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:South1906Plate93.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e7\/South1906Plate93.jpg\/330px-South1906Plate93.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"370\" width=\"255\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAV4\"\/><\/a><figcaption id=\"rdp-we-mwAV8\">Early stages of the life cycle<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<section data-mw-section-id=\"13\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWA\" aria-labelledby=\"Eggs\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Eggs\">Eggs<\/h3><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAWE\">Small heath eggs are round and sometimes laid on blades of grass. The eggs are occasionally in clusters, but usually alone. Initially, the egg is a light green with a slight depression on the top and an overall ridged texture. It later gains a white hue with a brown band wrapped around the middle and irregular brown speckles on the surface.<sup about=\"#mwt98\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:6_14-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":6\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-14\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWI\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWM\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWQ\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWU\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAWY\">Egg color and weight changes throughout a female's lifespan. Younger females initially tend to lay heavier, greener eggs at a higher frequency. These eggs then transition to an intermediate green-yellow color. After about 100 eggs are laid, or near the end of their lifespans, older females lay lighter, yellow eggs.<sup about=\"#mwt99\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-WickmanKarlsson1987_26-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"WickmanKarlsson1987\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-WickmanKarlsson1987-26\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWc\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWk\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWo\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> Adult small heath butterflies have at least one or usually two broods of offspring depending on environmental factors (such as location and altitude).<sup about=\"#mwt100\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:5_21-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":5\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-21\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWs\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWw\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAW0\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAW4\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"14\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAW8\" aria-labelledby=\"Larvae\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Larvae\">Larvae<\/h3><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAXA\">Butterflies like the small heath typically undergo multiple stages of development called <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Instar\" title=\"Instar\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXE\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">instars<\/a>, through which the insect grows noticeably larger in size. The small heath typically goes through four instars and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moulting\" title=\"Moulting\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXI\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">molts<\/a> three times. The third instar signals a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diapause\" title=\"Diapause\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">diapause<\/a> in which the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larva\" title=\"Larva\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">larva<\/a> hibernates. By the end of the fourth instar, the small heath larvae are a leafy green color with a green stripe running along its back and stripes a lighter shade of green on its sides. It has pink anal points, a protrusion at the end of the caterpillar. Larvae will sometimes undergo a fifth instar and enter diapause, which possibly signals an adapted response to environmental factors (primarily temperature). In diapause, the larva's resources are used to reinforce and strengthen its already-existing larval adult structures. These larvae then develop into larger male and smaller female <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pupa\" title=\"Pupa\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXU\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pupae<\/a>.<sup about=\"#mwt101\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:5_21-3\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":5\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-21\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXY\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXc\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXg\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXk\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt102\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:6_14-3\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":6\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-14\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXo\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXs\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXw\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAX0\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"15\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAX4\" aria-labelledby=\"Pupae\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Pupae\">Pupae<\/h3><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAX8\">The small heath remains in the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pupa\" title=\"Pupa\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pupae<\/a> stage for approximately 3 weeks. The color of the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pupa\" title=\"Pupa\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYE\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">chrysalis<\/a> fully develops in four days. The <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pupa\" title=\"Pupa\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYI\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pupa<\/a> is light yellow-green and suspends from a plant stem with the head facing downward. The cremaster is a series of hooks at the rear of the pupa, which allows it to hang from the stem. The pupae is thick and has a length of 8.5<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYM\">\u00a0<\/span>mm. It is slightly curved with dark dorsal stripes around the sides and light-yellow bumps on the abdomen. The wing covers along the side are a white pigment with small accents of red-brown.<sup about=\"#mwt103\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:7_3-4\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":7\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYU\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYY\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYc\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt104\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:6_14-4\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":6\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-14\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYk\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYo\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYs\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"16\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYw\" aria-labelledby=\"Adult\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Adult\">Adult<\/h3><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAY0\">The wings of an adult small heath butterfly are light brown. Males are darker and sometimes have gray-brown hues, while females are paler and occasionally a white-brown or yellow-white color. Other variations include a redder or yellower pigment with the occasional purple-brown color. Both males and females can have a brownish-gray border circling the edge of the wing. This border varies in thickness and appears to be more common in males than in females. The forewing can have a prominent or faint dark spot or, sometimes, no spot at all near the wing tip. The hindwings may also have <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eyespot_(mimicry)\" title=\"Eyespot (mimicry)\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAY4\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">eyespots<\/a> or white dots. A white band runs along the underside of the wing and varies in width and fullness.<sup about=\"#mwt105\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:6_14-5\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":6\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-14\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAY8\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZE\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZI\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> Female small heath butterflies have a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wingspan\" title=\"Wingspan\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">wingspan<\/a> of 37<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZQ\">\u00a0<\/span>mm and tend to be larger than males, which have a wingspan of 33<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZU\">\u00a0<\/span>mm.<sup about=\"#mwt106\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:7_3-5\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":7\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZY\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZc\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZg\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZk\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p><p id=\"rdp-we-mwAZo\">\n\nThe small heath is <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diurnality\" title=\"Diurnality\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZs\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">diurnal<\/a>, or is active in the daytime. It flies near the ground with a fluttering flight pattern.<sup about=\"#mwt107\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:12_5-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":12\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-5\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZ0\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZ4\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZ8\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> Small heaths are also lateral baskers, angling their bodies 90\u00b0 to the sun with their wings closed when resting.<sup about=\"#mwt110\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:13_18-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":13\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:13-18\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:13-18\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaE\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaI\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaM\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p><ul class=\"gallery mw-gallery-traditional\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/gallery\" about=\"#mwt111\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaQ\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"gallery\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{}}'>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 155px;\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaU\"><div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 150px; height: 150px;\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaY\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAac\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck_z\u0131pz\u0131p_perisi_19.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"A brown variation in wing pattern\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAag\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck_z\u0131pz\u0131p_perisi_19.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/62\/Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_z%C4%B1pz%C4%B1p_perisi_19.jpg\/120px-Coenonympha_pamphilus_-_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_z%C4%B1pz%C4%B1p_perisi_19.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A brown variation in wing pattern\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"82\" width=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAak\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"gallerytext\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAao\">A brown variation in wing pattern<\/div><\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 155px;\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAas\"><div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 150px; height: 150px;\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaw\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAa0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Coenonympha_pamphilus_(1).jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"A yellow variation in wing pattern\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAa4\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Coenonympha_pamphilus_(1).jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ac\/Coenonympha_pamphilus_%281%29.jpg\/120px-Coenonympha_pamphilus_%281%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A yellow variation in wing pattern\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"86\" width=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAa8\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"gallerytext\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbA\">A yellow variation in wing pattern<\/div><\/li>\n<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 155px;\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbE\"><div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 150px; height: 150px;\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbI\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbM\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Small_heath_(Coenonympha_pamphilus)_underside_Italy.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"showing dark spots on rear wing underside\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbQ\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Small_heath_(Coenonympha_pamphilus)_underside_Italy.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/31\/Small_heath_%28Coenonympha_pamphilus%29_underside_Italy.jpg\/120px-Small_heath_%28Coenonympha_pamphilus%29_underside_Italy.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"showing dark spots on rear wing underside\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"80\" width=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbU\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"gallerytext\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbY\">showing dark spots on rear wing underside<\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/section><\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"17\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbc\" aria-labelledby=\"Mating\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Mating\">Mating<\/h2><\/div>\n\n<section data-mw-section-id=\"18\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbg\" aria-labelledby=\"Aggression_between_males\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Aggression_between_males\">Aggression between males<\/h3><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAbk\">Male small heath butterflies often establish their own territories and become stationary. Males with their own territories are more likely to mate successfully with females. This prompts aggressive male behavior between stationary males and wandering males who may contest territory ownership. The stationary male sometimes engages the wandering male in an attempt to determine its sex, and these interactions remain short to reduce vulnerability to predation. Longer interactions between males are typically territorial disputes. Larger males are typically more successful in territorial disputes with other males, as they have longer wing spans and are superior in size and weight to smaller males. Thus, larger males have a significantly higher chance of successfully mating a female.<sup about=\"#mwt112\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:1_22-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":1\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-22\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbo\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbs\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbw\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAb0\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAb4\">Temperature plays a role in male-male interactions as well. Both females and males increase vagrancy with increased temperatures, and vice versa. In low-temperature conditions, it is advantageous for a male to remain stationary in order to defend his territory as a potential mating site. This leads to longer male-male interactions when territorial disputes are more likely to occur. However, when temperatures are high, choosing not to defend territory is the preferred and advantageous strategy in mating. This is because males who become vagrant will have a higher chance of intercepting a wandering female in competition with other vagrant males. This leads to shorter male-male interactions as males are not defending territory.<sup about=\"#mwt113\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:7_3-6\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":7\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAb8\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcE\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcI\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt114\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:12_5-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":12\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:12-5\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcM\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcU\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcY\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt115\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:1_22-3\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":1\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-22\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcc\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAck\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAco\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"19\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcs\" aria-labelledby=\"Interactions_between_males_and_females\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Interactions_between_males_and_females\">Interactions between males and females<\/h3><\/div>\n<section data-mw-section-id=\"20\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcw\" aria-labelledby=\"Mate_choice\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\"><h4 id=\"rdp-we-Mate_choice\">Mate choice<\/h4><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAc0\">Male small heath butterflies find mates either by defending their ownership of a territory or by drifting in search for a female. Virgin females also spend time in the air to find a potential mate, but females who have already mated avoid claimed territories. Due to its longer lifespan, virgin females seek mates less urgently than, for example, females of the <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAc4\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coenonympha_tullia\" title=\"Coenonympha tullia\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAc8\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">C. tullia<\/a><\/i> species. Virgin small heaths females will allow males to pass by instead of seeking them out to begin courtship. They choose to perform a long, elaborate zig-zag flight pattern to draw attention after they reach a group of perching males, who will take part in <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lek_mating\" title=\"Lek mating\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">lekking<\/a> as a show of dominance. The female then selectively chooses her mate and begins a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monandrous\" title=\"Monandrous\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdE\" target=\"_new\">monandrous<\/a> relationship.<sup about=\"#mwt116\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:10_11-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":10\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-11\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdI\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdM\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdQ\">[<\/span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdU\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> Most matings occur with residents within territories than with the wandering non-residents. Females often mate with males with larger wings, as territory owners are usually larger, and generally mate only once or twice in their short overall lifetimes.<sup about=\"#mwt117\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:7_3-7\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":7\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdY\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdc\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdg\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdk\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt118\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:1_22-4\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":1\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-22\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdo\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAds\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdw\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAd0\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"21\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAd4\" aria-labelledby=\"Lekking\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\"><h4 id=\"rdp-we-Lekking\">Lekking<\/h4><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAd8\">Male small heaths aggregate and form <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lek_mating\" title=\"Lek mating\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">leks<\/a> often around bushes or trees, creating an elaborate visual display to attract a female's attention. The female will approach by circling the lek, which attracts the males' attention more than being stationary. There are both costs and benefits of lekking for the female. Females benefit by typically mating with the dominant male and producing offspring with beneficial, heritable genes, as a result of their free choice in mates. They also have increased survival and maintained health because males cannot force the females to copulate. A few fitness costs include lost time to obtain more resources, risk of mortality through predation, and less time for oviposition, which all lead to decreased <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fecundity\" title=\"Fecundity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeE\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">fecundity<\/a>. The leks themselves do not contain resources for the females.<sup about=\"#mwt121\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-28\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-28\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-28\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeI\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeM\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeQ\">[<\/span>28<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeU\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"22\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeY\" aria-labelledby=\"Copulation\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\"><h4 id=\"rdp-we-Copulation\">Copulation<\/h4><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAec\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copulation_(zoology)\" title=\"Copulation (zoology)\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Copulation<\/a> between male and female small heath butterflies lasts between 10 minutes and 5 hours, occurring at any time in the day.<sup about=\"#mwt122\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:7_3-8\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":7\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAek\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeo\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAes\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAew\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> In 1985, a study observed that males often mate within their own territory (86.7% of 30 matings), and these copulations are generally lengthy, lasting over 100 minutes. Otherwise, copulations lasted approximately 10\u201330 minutes, especially for vagrant males. The study also found that either the male or female (but generally the male) is forced to leave the territory after copulation.<sup about=\"#mwt123\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:1_22-5\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":1\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-22\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAe0\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAe4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAe8\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"23\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfE\" aria-labelledby=\"Nuptial_gifts\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\"><h4 id=\"rdp-we-Nuptial_gifts\">Nuptial gifts<\/h4><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAfI\">During copulation, male small heath butterflies transfer a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuptial_gift\" title=\"Nuptial gift\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">nuptial gift<\/a> to a female in the form of a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spermatophore\" title=\"Spermatophore\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">spermatophore<\/a>, which contains both additional nutrients and sperm. Males can use <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amino_acid\" title=\"Amino acid\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfU\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">amino acids<\/a> found in nectar from food resources to help produce these spermatophores, which are then passed to the female when reproducing. The spermatophore increases female fitness and aids female performance in reproduction, and its nutrients are also assimilated later into the eggs that are laid, leading to heavier larvae.<sup about=\"#mwt126\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-29\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-29\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-29\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfY\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfc\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfg\">[<\/span>29<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfk\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><\/section><\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"24\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfo\" aria-labelledby=\"Thermoregulation\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Thermoregulation\">Thermoregulation<\/h2><\/div>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAfs\">Small heath butterflies typically live well in dry, open landscapes with higher temperatures, in comparison to other species of <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satyrinae\" title=\"Satyrinae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">satyrine<\/a> butterflies. When temperatures are significantly high, lifespan is shortened but the small heath will fare better than shade-dwelling species, such as the speckled wood, <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAf0\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speckled_wood_(butterfly)\" title=\"Speckled wood (butterfly)\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAf4\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pararge aegeria<\/a><\/i>. Like other butterflies, it has a small range of optimum temperatures and can regulate its temperatures in a small variety of ways, such as positioning its body to maximally absorb sunlight. In high temperature habitats, the small heath produces eggs at a relatively high rate, has good fecundity, and survives well as compared to woodland butterflies.<sup about=\"#mwt129\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-30\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-30\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-30\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAf8\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgE\">[<\/span>30<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgI\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> Male butterflies will also tend to drift and be vagrant in their search for females rather than perch in their territories and wait, as they would do in optimum or sub-optimum temperatures.<sup about=\"#mwt130\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:1_22-6\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":1\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-22\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgM\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgU\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgY\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"25\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgc\" aria-labelledby=\"Threats\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Threats\">Threats<\/h2><\/div>\n\n<section data-mw-section-id=\"26\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgg\" aria-labelledby=\"Parasitism\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Parasitism\">Parasitism<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgk\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trogus_cf_lapidator.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgo\" target=\"_new\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Trogus_cf_lapidator.JPG\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Trogus_cf_lapidator.JPG\/250px-Trogus_cf_lapidator.JPG?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"180\" width=\"196\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgs\"\/><\/a><figcaption id=\"rdp-we-mwAgw\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwAg0\">Trogus lapidator<\/i><\/figcaption><\/figure><p id=\"rdp-we-mwAg4\">The <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAg8\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trogus_lapidator\" title=\"Trogus lapidator\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Trogus lapidator<\/a><\/i> (<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parasitoid_wasp\" title=\"Parasitoid wasp\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhE\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">parasitic wasp<\/a>) and other varieties of <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ichneumoninae\" title=\"Ichneumoninae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhI\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Ichneumoninae<\/a> species will often parasitize Lepidoptera pupae as <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parasitoid\" title=\"Parasitoid\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">parasitoids<\/a>. The parasite eventually emerges from the host pupae as an adult by slicing out a cap at the terminal end of the chrysalis and breaking through. In small heath pupae, staining can sometimes be seen around the cut site of the cap.<sup about=\"#mwt133\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-31\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-31\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-31\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhU\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhY\">[<\/span>31<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhc\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"27\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhg\" aria-labelledby=\"Interactions_with_humans\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Interactions_with_humans\">Interactions with humans<\/h3><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAhk\">As a grassland species, the effects of intense, widespread agriculture is a concern for the welfare of the small heath. Grassland management through periodic ecological disturbances (i.e. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mower\" title=\"Mower\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAho\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">mowing<\/a>) is considered necessary to maintain \"semi-natural\" grasslands. Negative effects of mowing include the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loss_of_biodiversity\" title=\"Loss of biodiversity\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhs\" target=\"_new\">loss of biodiversity<\/a>, the conversion of natural grasslands into agricultural fields, mortality, and loss of nectar resources. However, a study shows that such disturbances of these habitats may actually lead to an increase in the population of grassland butterflies including the small heath.<sup about=\"#mwt134\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:4_23-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":4\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-23\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAh0\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAh4\">[<\/span>23<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAh8\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"28\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAiA\" aria-labelledby=\"Conservation\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Conservation\">Conservation<\/h2><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAiE\">Overall, the small heath is generally common and abundant throughout its geographic distribution, particularly in Europe.<sup about=\"#mwt135\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:6_14-6\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":6\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-14\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAiI\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAiM\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAiQ\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAiU\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> Urban habitats have become a significant focus in the conservation of the small heath due to the widespread green fragments forming chains of ecological biodiversity.<sup about=\"#mwt136\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:0_24-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":0\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-24\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAiY\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAic\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAig\">[<\/span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAik\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> In a study of elevated atmospheric CO<sub id=\"rdp-we-mwAio\">2<\/sub> levels on development, it was determined that larval development time increased due to elevated CO<sub id=\"rdp-we-mwAis\">2<\/sub> levels, suggesting an effect of CO<sub id=\"rdp-we-mwAiw\">2<\/sub> on larval performance. Additionally, it was found that food-plant preferences of larvae might also be affected, which could play a future evolutionary role, although this is an area that requires further research.<sup about=\"#mwt137\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:8_9-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":8\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-9\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAi0\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAi4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAi8\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<section data-mw-section-id=\"29\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjE\" aria-labelledby=\"Status_in_the_Netherlands\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Status_in_the_Netherlands\">Status in the Netherlands<\/h3><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAjI\">In the Netherlands, the distribution of the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coenonympha_tullia\" title=\"Coenonympha tullia\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwAjQ\">Coenonympha<\/i> <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAjU\">tullia<\/i><\/a> is significantly reduced as a result of climate change. Also <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satyrinae\" title=\"Satyrinae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjY\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">satyrine<\/a> species of the genus <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAjc\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coenonympha\" title=\"Coenonympha\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Coenonympha<\/a><\/i>, the <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAjk\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coenonympha_hero\" title=\"Coenonympha hero\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjo\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">C. hero<\/a><\/i> and <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAjs\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coenonympha_arcania\" title=\"Coenonympha arcania\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">C. arcania<\/a><\/i>  have gone extinct. One study shows that the small heath has adapted well to climate change and will continue to survive because it can adapt biologically to altered environments. In response to these environmental changes (i.e. temperature), the small heath can overwinter in diapause, which promotes its survival through rapid development.<sup about=\"#mwt140\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-32\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-32\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-32\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAj0\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAj4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAj8\">[<\/span>32<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"30\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkE\" aria-labelledby=\"Status_in_England\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Status_in_England\">Status in England<\/h3><\/div>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAkI\">The small heath, like its cousin the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wall_brown\" title=\"Wall brown\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkM\" target=\"_new\">wall brown<\/a>, has been in serious decline across much of southern England for reasons unclear, and was accordingly designated as a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Biodiversity_Action_Plan\" title=\"UK Biodiversity Action Plan\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkQ\" target=\"_new\">UK Biodiversity Action Plan<\/a> Priority Species (research only) by <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs\" title=\"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkU\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">DEFRA<\/a> in 2007.<sup about=\"#mwt141\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:7_3-9\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":7\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkY\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkc\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkg\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkk\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> These butterflies typically live in colonies, which have been negatively impacted by construction, human development, and general habitat loss in recent years. In 2007, the IUCN category status listed the small heath as near threatened.<sup about=\"#mwt144\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-:11_4-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\":11\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:11-4\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-4\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAko\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAks\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkw\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAk0\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"31\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAk4\" aria-labelledby=\"References\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-References\">References<\/h2><\/div>\n<span class=\"mw-empty-elt\" about=\"#mwt145\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAk8\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Reflist\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Reflist\"},\"params\":{},\"i\":0}}]}'><\/span><div about=\"#mwt145\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlA\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/references\" about=\"#mwt147\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlE\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"references\",\"attrs\":{\"group\":\"\",\"responsive\":\"1\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"}}'><ol class=\"mw-references references\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlI\"><li about=\"#cite_note-iucn-1\" id=\"cite_note-iucn-1\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlM\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-iucn_1-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlQ\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlU\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-iucn-1\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFvan_Swaay,_C.,_Wynhoff,_I.,_Verovnik,_R.,_Wiemers,_M.,_L\u00f3pez_Munguira,_M.,_Maes,_D.,_Sasic,_M.,_Verstrael,_T.,_Warren,_M._&amp;_Settele,_J.2010\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., L\u00f3pez Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. &amp; Settele, J. (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/174461\/7076327\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlc\" target=\"_new\">\"<i id=\"rdp-we-mwAlg\">Coenonympha pamphilus<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAlk\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUCN_Red_List\" title=\"IUCN Red List\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlo\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species<\/a><\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwAls\">2010<\/b> e.T174461A7076327<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlw\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAl0\">13 December<\/span> 2020<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&amp;rft.atitle=Coenonympha+pamphilus&amp;rft.volume=2010&amp;rft.artnum=e.T174461A7076327&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.au=van+Swaay%2C+C.%2C+Wynhoff%2C+I.%2C+Verovnik%2C+R.%2C+Wiemers%2C+M.%2C+L%C3%B3pez+Munguira%2C+M.%2C+Maes%2C+D.%2C+Sasic%2C+M.%2C+Verstrael%2C+T.%2C+Warren%2C+M.+%26+Settele%2C+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F174461%2F7076327&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAl4\"><\/span><span class=\"cs1-maint citation-comment\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAl8\"><code class=\"cs1-code\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmA\">{{<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_journal\" title=\"Template:Cite journal\" id=\"mwAmE\">cite journal<\/a>}}<\/code>:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmI\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">link<\/a>)<\/span><link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmM\"\/><link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Cite_IUCN_without_doi\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmQ\"\/><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-CoL-2\" id=\"cite_note-CoL-2\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmU\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-CoL_2-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmY\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmc\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-CoL-2\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt12\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmg\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"}}'\/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmk\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/WUND\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmo\" target=\"_new\">\"Coenonympha pamphilus Linnaeus, 1758\"<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAms\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Catalogue of Life<\/a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmw\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAm0\">13 December<\/span> 2020<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Coenonympha+pamphilus+Linnaeus%2C+1758&amp;rft.pub=Catalogue+of+Life&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catalogueoflife.org%2Fdata%2Ftaxon%2FWUND&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAm4\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-:7-3\" id=\"cite_note-:7-3\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"3\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAm8\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_3-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnA\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnE\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_3-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnI\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnM\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_3-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnQ\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnU\">3<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_3-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnY\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnc\">4<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_3-4\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAng\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnk\">5<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_3-5\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAno\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAns\">6<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_3-6\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnw\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAn0\">7<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_3-7\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAn4\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAn8\">8<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_3-8\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoA\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoE\">9<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_3-9\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoI\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoM\">10<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-:7-3\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt18\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoQ\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/www.ukbutterflies.co.uk\/species.php?species=pamphilus\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"UK Butterflies - Small Heath - Coenonympha pamphilus\"},\"website\":{\"wt\":\"www.ukbutterflies.co.uk\"},\"access-date\":{\"wt\":\"2017-10-02\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt18\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoU\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ukbutterflies.co.uk\/species.php?species=pamphilus\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoY\" target=\"_new\">\"UK Butterflies - Small Heath - Coenonympha pamphilus\"<\/a>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAoc\">www.ukbutterflies.co.uk<\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAog\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAok\">2017-10-02<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.ukbutterflies.co.uk&amp;rft.atitle=UK+Butterflies+-+Small+Heath+-+Coenonympha+pamphilus&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukbutterflies.co.uk%2Fspecies.php%3Fspecies%3Dpamphilus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt18\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoo\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-:11-4\" id=\"cite_note-:11-4\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"4\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAos\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAow\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAo0\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAo4\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAo8\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_4-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApA\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApE\">3<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-:11-4\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt142\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApI\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/www.britishbutterflies.co.uk\/species-info.asp?vernacular=Small%20Heath\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"British Butterflies - A Photographic Guide by Steven Cheshire\"},\"website\":{\"wt\":\"www.britishbutterflies.co.uk\"},\"access-date\":{\"wt\":\"2017-10-02\"},\"archive-date\":{\"wt\":\"2017-06-21\"},\"archive-url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170621035319\/http:\/\/www.britishbutterflies.co.uk\/species-info.asp?vernacular=Small%20Heath\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt142\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApM\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170621035319\/http:\/\/www.britishbutterflies.co.uk\/species-info.asp?vernacular=Small%20Heath\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApQ\" target=\"_new\">\"British Butterflies - A Photographic Guide by Steven Cheshire\"<\/a>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwApU\">www.britishbutterflies.co.uk<\/i>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.britishbutterflies.co.uk\/species-info.asp?vernacular=Small%20Heath\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApY\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on 2017-06-21<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApc\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApg\">2017-10-02<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.britishbutterflies.co.uk&amp;rft.atitle=British+Butterflies+-+A+Photographic+Guide+by+Steven+Cheshire&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishbutterflies.co.uk%2Fspecies-info.asp%3Fvernacular%3DSmall%2520Heath&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt142\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApk\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-:12-5\" id=\"cite_note-:12-5\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"5\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApo\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_5-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAps\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApw\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_5-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAp0\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAp4\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:12_5-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAp8\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqA\">3<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-:12-5\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\">Wickman, Per-Clof. \"The Influence of Temperature on the Territorial and Mate Locating Behaviour of the Small Heath Butterfly, Coenonympha Pamphilus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Satyridae).\" <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAqE\">Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology<\/i>, vol. 16, no. 3, 1985, pp. 233\u2013238., doi:10.1007\/bf00310985.<\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-6\" id=\"cite_note-6\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqI\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-6\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqM\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqQ\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-6\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt23\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqU\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal \",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.15468\/39omei\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"GBIF Backbone Taxonomy\"},\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Org\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Registry-Migration.Gbif\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2017\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"GBIF Secretariat\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFOrg2017\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt23\">Org, Registry-Migration.Gbif (2017). \"GBIF Backbone Taxonomy\". GBIF Secretariat. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqY\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15468%2F39omei\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqc\" target=\"_new\">10.15468\/39omei<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=GBIF+Backbone+Taxonomy&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15468%2F39omei&amp;rft.aulast=Org&amp;rft.aufirst=Registry-Migration.Gbif&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt23\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqg\"><\/span><span about=\"#mwt23\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqk\"> <\/span><span class=\"cs1-visible-error citation-comment\" about=\"#mwt23\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqo\"><code class=\"cs1-code\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqs\">{{<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_journal\" title=\"Template:Cite journal\" id=\"mwAqw\">cite journal<\/a>}}<\/code>: <\/span><span class=\"cs1-visible-error citation-comment\" about=\"#mwt23\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAq0\">Cite journal requires <code class=\"cs1-code\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAq4\"><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"mwAq8\">|<\/span>journal=<\/code> (<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical\" title=\"Help:CS1 errors\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">help<\/a>)<\/span><link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical\" about=\"#mwt23\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArE\"\/><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-7\" id=\"cite_note-7\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArI\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArM\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArQ\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-7\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt27\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArU\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal \",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1603\/0046-225X-33.6.1535\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Larval Adaptation of the Endangered Maritime Ringlet &apos;&apos;Coenonympha tullia nipisiquit&apos;&apos; Mc &apos;&apos;Donnough&apos;&apos; (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) to a Saline Wetland Habitat\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Environmental Entomology\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"33\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"6\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"1535\u20131540\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2004\"},\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Sei\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"M.\"},\"s2cid\":{\"wt\":\"85755768\"},\"doi-access\":{\"wt\":\"free\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSei2004\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt27\">Sei, M. (2004). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1603%2F0046-225X-33.6.1535\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArY\" target=\"_new\">\"Larval Adaptation of the Endangered Maritime Ringlet <i id=\"rdp-we-mwArc\">Coenonympha tullia nipisiquit<\/i> Mc <i id=\"rdp-we-mwArg\">Donnough<\/i> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) to a Saline Wetland Habitat\"<\/a>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwArk\">Environmental Entomology<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwAro\">33<\/b> (6): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArs\">1535\u2013<\/span>1540. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArw\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAr0\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1603%2F0046-225X-33.6.1535\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAr4\" target=\"_new\">10.1603\/0046-225X-33.6.1535<\/a><\/span>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAr8\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsA\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:85755768\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsE\" target=\"_new\">85755768<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Environmental+Entomology&amp;rft.atitle=Larval+Adaptation+of+the+Endangered+Maritime+Ringlet+Coenonympha+tullia+nipisiquit+Mc+Donnough+%28Lepidoptera%3A+Nymphalidae%29+to+a+Saline+Wetland+Habitat&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1535-1540&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1603%2F0046-225X-33.6.1535&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85755768%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Sei&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1603%252F0046-225X-33.6.1535&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt27\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsI\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-8\" id=\"cite_note-8\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsM\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsQ\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsU\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-8\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt30\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsY\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Brau\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Markus\"},\"last2\":{\"wt\":\"Dolek\"},\"first2\":{\"wt\":\"Matthias\"},\"last3\":{\"wt\":\"Stettmer\"},\"first3\":{\"wt\":\"Christian\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2010\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Habitat requirements, larval development and food preferences of the German population of the False Ringlet Coenonympha oedippus (FABRICIUS, 1787) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) - Research on the ecological needs to develop management tools\"},\"url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/www.ufz.de\/export\/data\/10\/129754_Oedippus_26.pdf#page=43\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Oedippus\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"26\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"41\u201351\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBrauDolekStettmer2010\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt30\">Brau, Markus; Dolek, Matthias; Stettmer, Christian (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ufz.de\/export\/data\/10\/129754_Oedippus_26.pdf#page=43\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsc\" target=\"_new\">\"Habitat requirements, larval development and food preferences of the German population of the False Ringlet Coenonympha oedippus (FABRICIUS, 1787) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) - Research on the ecological needs to develop management tools\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsg\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAsk\">Oedippus<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwAso\">26<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAss\">41\u2013<\/span>51.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oedippus&amp;rft.atitle=Habitat+requirements%2C+larval+development+and+food+preferences+of+the+German+population+of+the+False+Ringlet+Coenonympha+oedippus+%28FABRICIUS%2C+1787%29+%28Lepidoptera%3A+Nymphalidae%29+-+Research+on+the+ecological+needs+to+develop+management+tools&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.pages=41-51&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Brau&amp;rft.aufirst=Markus&amp;rft.au=Dolek%2C+Matthias&amp;rft.au=Stettmer%2C+Christian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ufz.de%2Fexport%2Fdata%2F10%2F129754_Oedippus_26.pdf%23page%3D43&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt30\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsw\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-:8-9\" id=\"cite_note-:8-9\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"9\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAs0\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_9-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAs4\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAs8\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_9-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtA\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtE\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_9-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtI\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtM\">3<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-:8-9\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt81\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtQ\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite journal \",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Goverde\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Marcel\"},\"last2\":{\"wt\":\"Erhardt\"},\"first2\":{\"wt\":\"Andreas\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2003-01-01\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Effects of elevated CO2 on development and larval food-plant preference in the butterfly Coenonympha pamphilus (Lepidoptera, Satyridae)\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Global Change Biology\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"9\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"1\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"74\u201383\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00520.x\"},\"bibcode\":{\"wt\":\"2003GCBio...9...74G\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFGoverdeErhardt2003\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt81\">Goverde, Marcel; Erhardt, Andreas (2003-01-01). \"Effects of elevated CO2 on development and larval food-plant preference in the butterfly Coenonympha pamphilus (Lepidoptera, Satyridae)\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAtU\">Global Change Biology<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwAtY\">9<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtc\">74\u2013<\/span>83. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtg\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/scixplorer.org\/abs\/2003GCBio...9...74G\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtk\" target=\"_new\">2003GCBio...9...74G<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAto\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2486.2003.00520.x\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAts\" target=\"_new\">10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00520.x<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+elevated+CO2+on+development+and+larval+food-plant+preference+in+the+butterfly+Coenonympha+pamphilus+%28Lepidoptera%2C+Satyridae%29&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=74-83&amp;rft.date=2003-01-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2486.2003.00520.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003GCBio...9...74G&amp;rft.aulast=Goverde&amp;rft.aufirst=Marcel&amp;rft.au=Erhardt%2C+Andreas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt81\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtw\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-:9-10\" id=\"cite_note-:9-10\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"10\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAt0\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_10-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAt4\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAt8\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_10-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuA\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuE\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-:9-10\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt85\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuI\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Cahenzli\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Fabian\"},\"last2\":{\"wt\":\"Erhardt\"},\"first2\":{\"wt\":\"Andreas\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2012-09-01\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Nectar sugars enhance fitness in male Coenonympha pamphilus butterflies by increasing longevity or realized reproduction\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Oikos\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"121\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"9\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"1417\u20131423\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2012.20190.x\"},\"bibcode\":{\"wt\":\"2012Oikos.121.1417C\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFCahenzliErhardt2012\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt85\">Cahenzli, Fabian; Erhardt, Andreas (2012-09-01). \"Nectar sugars enhance fitness in male Coenonympha pamphilus butterflies by increasing longevity or realized reproduction\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAuM\">Oikos<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwAuQ\">121<\/b> (9): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuU\">1417\u2013<\/span>1423. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuY\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/scixplorer.org\/abs\/2012Oikos.121.1417C\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuc\" target=\"_new\">2012Oikos.121.1417C<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAug\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0706.2012.20190.x\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuk\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2012.20190.x<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oikos&amp;rft.atitle=Nectar+sugars+enhance+fitness+in+male+Coenonympha+pamphilus+butterflies+by+increasing+longevity+or+realized+reproduction&amp;rft.volume=121&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1417-1423&amp;rft.date=2012-09-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0706.2012.20190.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Oikos.121.1417C&amp;rft.aulast=Cahenzli&amp;rft.aufirst=Fabian&amp;rft.au=Erhardt%2C+Andreas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt85\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuo\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-:10-11\" id=\"cite_note-:10-11\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"11\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAus\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_11-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuw\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAu0\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_11-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAu4\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAu8\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-:10-11\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt36\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvA\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal \",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80763-8\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Mating systems of Coenonympha butterflies in relation to longevity\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Animal Behaviour\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"44\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"141\u2013148\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1992\"},\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Wickman\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Per-Olof\"},\"s2cid\":{\"wt\":\"53195723\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWickman1992\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt36\">Wickman, Per-Olof (1992). \"Mating systems of Coenonympha butterflies in relation to longevity\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAvE\">Animal Behaviour<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwAvI\">44<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvM\">141\u2013<\/span>148. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvQ\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2805%2980763-8\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvU\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80763-8<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvY\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvc\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:53195723\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvg\" target=\"_new\">53195723<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&amp;rft.atitle=Mating+systems+of+Coenonympha+butterflies+in+relation+to+longevity&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.pages=141-148&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2805%2980763-8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53195723%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Wickman&amp;rft.aufirst=Per-Olof&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt36\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvk\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-12\" id=\"cite_note-12\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvo\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvs\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvw\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-12\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt39\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAv0\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwI\">2018-02-22<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ftp.funet.fi&amp;rft.atitle=Coenonympha&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fftp.funet.fi%2Fpub%2Fsci%2Fbio%2Flife%2Finsecta%2Flepidoptera%2Fditrysia%2Fpapilionoidea%2Fnymphalidae%2Fsatyrinae%2Fcoenonympha%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt39\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwM\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-13\" id=\"cite_note-13\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwQ\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwU\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwY\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-13\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt42\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwc\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/carolilinnaeisys12linn\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Caroli Linnaei ... Systema naturae: per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis\"},\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Linn\u00e9\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Carl von\"},\"last2\":{\"wt\":\"Lange\"},\"first2\":{\"wt\":\"Johann Joachim\"},\"last3\":{\"wt\":\"Linn\u00e9\"},\"first3\":{\"wt\":\"Carl von\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"1760\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Halae Magdeburgicae : Typis et sumtibus Io. Iac. Curt.\"},\"others\":{\"wt\":\"LuEsther T. Mertz Library New York Botanical Garden\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLinn\u00e9LangeLinn\u00e91760\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt42\">Linn\u00e9, Carl von; Lange, Johann Joachim; Linn\u00e9, Carl von (1760). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/carolilinnaeisys12linn\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwg\" target=\"_new\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwAwk\">Caroli Linnaei ... 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Warne\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1906\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"136\u2013138\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSouth1906\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt65\">South, Richard (1906). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/butterfliesofbri00sout\/butterfliesofbri00sout_djvu.txt\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAxw\" target=\"_new\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwAx0\">The butterflies of the British Isles<\/i><\/a>. London: F. Warne. pp.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAx4\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAx8\">136\u2013<\/span>138.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+butterflies+of+the+British+Isles&amp;rft.pages=136-138&amp;rft.pub=London%3A+F.+Warne&amp;rft.date=1906&amp;rft.aulast=South&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbutterfliesofbri00sout%2Fbutterfliesofbri00sout_djvu.txt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt65\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyA\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-15\" id=\"cite_note-15\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyE\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyI\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyM\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-15\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adalbert_Seitz\" title=\"Adalbert Seitz\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Seitz. A.<\/a> in Seitz, A. ed. Band 1: Abt. 1, <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAyU\">Die Gro\u00dfschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter<\/i>, 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren)<span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion mw:File\" about=\"#mwt46\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyY\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"PD-notice\",\"href\":\".\/Template:PD-notice\"},\"params\":{},\"i\":0}}]}'><span id=\"rdp-we-mwAyc\"><img resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:PD-icon.svg\" src=\"https:\/\/thumb.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/6\/62\/PD-icon.svg\/20px-PD-icon.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=parser&amp;utm_content=thumbnail\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Public Domain\" data-file-type=\"drawing\" height=\"12\" width=\"12\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyg\"\/><\/span><\/span><span about=\"#mwt46\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyk\"> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <\/span><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\" title=\"Public domain\" about=\"#mwt46\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyo\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">public domain<\/a><span about=\"#mwt46\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAys\">.<\/span><link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Source_attribution\" about=\"#mwt46\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyw\"\/><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-16\" id=\"cite_note-16\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAy0\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAy4\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAy8\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-16\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/ftp.funet.fi\/pub\/sci\/bio\/life\/insecta\/lepidoptera\/ditrysia\/papilionoidea\/nymphalidae\/satyrinae\/coenonympha\/\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzA\" target=\"_new\">\"<i id=\"rdp-we-mwAzE\">Coenonympha<\/i> H\u00fcbner, <span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion mw:Entity\" about=\"#mwt49\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzI\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"bracket\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Bracket\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"1819\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'>[<\/span><span about=\"#mwt49\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzM\">1819<\/span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" about=\"#mwt49\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzQ\">]<\/span>\"<\/a> at Markku Savela's <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAzU\">Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms<\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-17\" id=\"cite_note-17\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzY\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzc\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzg\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-17\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt51\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzk\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"citation\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Citation\"},\"params\":{\"title\":{\"wt\":\"&apos;&apos;Coenonympha pamphilus&apos;&apos; (Linnaeus). Pages\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1990\"},\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Brakefield\"},\"last2\":{\"wt\":\"Emmet\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"P.M.\"},\"first2\":{\"wt\":\"A. M.\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"7\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"1 (Hesperiidae to Nymphalidae)\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"277\u2013279\"},\"editor1-last\":{\"wt\":\"Emmet\"},\"editor2-last\":{\"wt\":\"Heath\"},\"editor1-first\":{\"wt\":\"A. M.\"},\"editor2-first\":{\"wt\":\"J.\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBrakefieldEmmet1990\" class=\"citation cs2\" about=\"#mwt51\">Brakefield, P.M.; Emmet, A. M. (1990), Emmet, A. M.; Heath, J. (eds.), \"<i id=\"rdp-we-mwAzo\">Coenonympha pamphilus<\/i> (Linnaeus). Pages\", <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAzs\">The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland<\/i>, <b id=\"rdp-we-mwAzw\">7<\/b> (1 (Hesperiidae to Nymphalidae)): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAz0\">277\u2013<\/span>279<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Moths+and+Butterflies+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&amp;rft.atitle=Coenonympha+pamphilus+%28Linnaeus%29.+Pages&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=1+%28Hesperiidae+to+Nymphalidae%29&amp;rft.pages=277-279&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.aulast=Brakefield&amp;rft.aufirst=P.M.&amp;rft.au=Emmet%2C+A.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt51\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAz4\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-:13-18\" id=\"cite_note-:13-18\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"18\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAz8\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_18-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0A\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0E\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:13_18-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0I\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0M\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-:13-18\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt108\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0Q\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"last\":{\"wt\":\"Dennis\"},\"first\":{\"wt\":\"R. L. H.\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"20 March 1989\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Butterfly wing morphology variation in the British Isles: the influence of climate, behavioural posture and the hostplant-habitat\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"38\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"4\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"323\u2013348\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1989.tb01581.x\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFDennis1989\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt108\">Dennis, R. L. H. (20 March 1989). \"Butterfly wing morphology variation in the British Isles: the influence of climate, behavioural posture and the hostplant-habitat\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA0U\">Biological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwA0Y\">38<\/b> (4): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0c\">323\u2013<\/span>348. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0g\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1989.tb01581.x\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0k\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1989.tb01581.x<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Butterfly+wing+morphology+variation+in+the+British+Isles%3A+the+influence+of+climate%2C+behavioural+posture+and+the+hostplant-habitat&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=323-348&amp;rft.date=1989-03-20&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1989.tb01581.x&amp;rft.aulast=Dennis&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+L.+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt108\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0o\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-19\" id=\"cite_note-19\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0s\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0w\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA00\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-19\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt56\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA04\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Guide to the butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Vol. 2. Libytheidae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae\"},\"last\":{\"wt\":\"Tuzov\"},\"first\":{\"wt\":\"V.K.\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2000\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Pensoft\"},\"isbn\":{\"wt\":\"978-954-642-095-4\"},\"location\":{\"wt\":\"Sofia\"},\"oclc\":{\"wt\":\"45109002\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFTuzov2000\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt56\">Tuzov, V.K. (2000). <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA08\">Guide to the butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Vol. 2. Libytheidae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae<\/i>. Sofia: Pensoft. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1A\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1E\">\u00a0<\/span><bdi id=\"rdp-we-mwA1M\">978-954-642-095-4<\/bdi>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_(identifier)\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1Q\" target=\"_new\">OCLC<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1U\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/45109002\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1Y\" target=\"_new\">45109002<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+butterflies+of+Russia+and+adjacent+territories+%28Lepidoptera%2C+Rhopalocera%29.+Vol.+2.+Libytheidae%2C+Danaidae%2C+Nymphalidae%2C+Riodinidae%2C+Lycaenidae&amp;rft.place=Sofia&amp;rft.pub=Pensoft&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45109002&amp;rft.isbn=978-954-642-095-4&amp;rft.aulast=Tuzov&amp;rft.aufirst=V.K.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt56\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1c\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-:3-20\" id=\"cite_note-:3-20\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"20\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1g\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_20-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1k\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1o\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_20-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1s\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1w\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-:3-20\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt59\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA10\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal \",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1016\/S0006-3207(01)00191-4\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Challenges for the conservation of calcareous grasslands in northwestern Europe: Integrating the requirements of flora and fauna\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Biological Conservation\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"104\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"3\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"265\u2013273\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2002\"},\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Wallisdevries\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Michiel F.\"},\"last2\":{\"wt\":\"Poschlod\"},\"first2\":{\"wt\":\"Peter\"},\"last3\":{\"wt\":\"Willems\"},\"first3\":{\"wt\":\"Jo H.\"},\"bibcode\":{\"wt\":\"2002BCons.104..265W\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWallisdevriesPoschlodWillems2002\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt59\">Wallisdevries, Michiel F.; Poschlod, Peter; Willems, Jo H. (2002). \"Challenges for the conservation of calcareous grasslands in northwestern Europe: Integrating the requirements of flora and fauna\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA14\">Biological Conservation<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwA18\">104<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2A\">265\u2013<\/span>273. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2E\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/scixplorer.org\/abs\/2002BCons.104..265W\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2I\" target=\"_new\">2002BCons.104..265W<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2M\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0006-3207%2801%2900191-4\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2Q\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/S0006-3207(01)00191-4<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&amp;rft.atitle=Challenges+for+the+conservation+of+calcareous+grasslands+in+northwestern+Europe%3A+Integrating+the+requirements+of+flora+and+fauna&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=265-273&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0006-3207%2801%2900191-4&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002BCons.104..265W&amp;rft.aulast=Wallisdevries&amp;rft.aufirst=Michiel+F.&amp;rft.au=Poschlod%2C+Peter&amp;rft.au=Willems%2C+Jo+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt59\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2U\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-:5-21\" id=\"cite_note-:5-21\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"21\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2Y\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_21-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2c\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2g\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_21-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2k\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2o\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_21-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2s\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2w\">3<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_21-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA20\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA24\">4<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-:5-21\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt62\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA28\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"last\":{\"wt\":\"Garcia-Barros\"},\"first\":{\"wt\":\"Enrique\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"January 2006\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Number of larval instars and sex-specific plasticity in the development of the small heath butterfly, Coenonympha pamphilus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)\"},\"url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/261872942\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"European Journal of Entomology\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"103\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"47\u201353\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.14411\/eje.2006.007\"},\"doi-access\":{\"wt\":\"free\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFGarcia-Barros2006\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt62\">Garcia-Barros, Enrique (January 2006). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/261872942\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA3A\" target=\"_new\">\"Number of larval instars and sex-specific plasticity in the development of the small heath butterfly, Coenonympha pamphilus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)\"<\/a>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA3E\">European Journal of Entomology<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwA3I\">103<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA3M\">47\u2013<\/span>53. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA3Q\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA3U\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14411%2Feje.2006.007\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA3Y\" target=\"_new\">10.14411\/eje.2006.007<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span 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(Lepidoptera: Satyridae)\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Animal Behaviour\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"33\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"4\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"1162\u20131168\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1985\"},\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Wickman\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Per-Olof\"},\"s2cid\":{\"wt\":\"53165861\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWickman1985\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt69\">Wickman, Per-Olof (1985). \"TErritorial defence and mating success in males of the small heath butterfly, coenonympha pamphilus L. (Lepidoptera: Satyridae)\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA4g\">Animal Behaviour<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwA4k\">33<\/b> (4): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA4o\">1162\u2013<\/span>1168. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA4s\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2885%2980176-7\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA4w\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/S0003-3472(85)80176-7<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA40\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA44\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:53165861\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA48\" target=\"_new\">53165861<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&amp;rft.atitle=TErritorial+defence+and+mating+success+in+males+of+the+small+heath+butterfly%2C+coenonympha+pamphilus+L.+%28Lepidoptera%3A+Satyridae%29&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=1162-1168&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2885%2980176-7&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53165861%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Wickman&amp;rft.aufirst=Per-Olof&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt69\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5A\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-:4-23\" id=\"cite_note-:4-23\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"23\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5E\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_23-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5I\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5M\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_23-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5Q\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5U\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-:4-23\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt73\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5Y\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite journal \",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Lebeau\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Julie\"},\"last2\":{\"wt\":\"Wesselingh\"},\"first2\":{\"wt\":\"Renate A.\"},\"last3\":{\"wt\":\"Dyck\"},\"first3\":{\"wt\":\"Hans Van\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2015-08-18\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Butterfly Density and Behaviour in Uncut Hay Meadow Strips: Behavioural Ecological Consequences of an Agri-Environmental Scheme\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"PLOS ONE\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"10\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"8\"},\"article-number\":{\"wt\":\"e0134945\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134945\"},\"pmid\":{\"wt\":\"26284618\"},\"pmc\":{\"wt\":\"4540417\"},\"bibcode\":{\"wt\":\"2015PLoSO..1034945L\"},\"doi-access\":{\"wt\":\"free\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLebeauWesselinghDyck2015\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt73\">Lebeau, Julie; Wesselingh, Renate A.; Dyck, Hans Van (2015-08-18). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4540417\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5c\" target=\"_new\">\"Butterfly Density and Behaviour in Uncut Hay Meadow Strips: Behavioural Ecological Consequences of an Agri-Environmental Scheme\"<\/a>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA5g\">PLOS ONE<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwA5k\">10<\/b> (8) e0134945. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5o\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/scixplorer.org\/abs\/2015PLoSO..1034945L\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5s\" target=\"_new\">2015PLoSO..1034945L<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5w\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA50\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0134945\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA54\" target=\"_new\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0134945<\/a><\/span>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA58\" target=\"_new\">PMC<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6A\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6E\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4540417\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6I\" target=\"_new\">4540417<\/a><\/span>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6M\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6Q\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26284618\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6U\" target=\"_new\">26284618<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Butterfly+Density+and+Behaviour+in+Uncut+Hay+Meadow+Strips%3A+Behavioural+Ecological+Consequences+of+an+Agri-Environmental+Scheme&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.artnum=e0134945&amp;rft.date=2015-08-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4540417%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26284618&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0134945&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1034945L&amp;rft.aulast=Lebeau&amp;rft.aufirst=Julie&amp;rft.au=Wesselingh%2C+Renate+A.&amp;rft.au=Dyck%2C+Hans+Van&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4540417&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt73\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6Y\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-:0-24\" id=\"cite_note-:0-24\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"24\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6c\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_24-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6g\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6k\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_24-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6o\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6s\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-:0-24\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt77\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6w\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal \",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.08.035\"},\"pmid\":{\"wt\":\"16297440\"},\"bibcode\":{\"wt\":\"2006ScTEn.360..196A\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Biodiversity in urban habitat patches\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Science of the Total Environment\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"360\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"1\u20133\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"196\u2013204\"},\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Angold\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"P. G.\"},\"last2\":{\"wt\":\"Sadler\"},\"first2\":{\"wt\":\"J. P.\"},\"last3\":{\"wt\":\"Hill\"},\"first3\":{\"wt\":\"M. O.\"},\"last4\":{\"wt\":\"Pullin\"},\"first4\":{\"wt\":\"A.\"},\"last5\":{\"wt\":\"Rushton\"},\"first5\":{\"wt\":\"S.\"},\"last6\":{\"wt\":\"Austin\"},\"first6\":{\"wt\":\"K.\"},\"last7\":{\"wt\":\"Small\"},\"first7\":{\"wt\":\"E.\"},\"last8\":{\"wt\":\"Wood\"},\"first8\":{\"wt\":\"B.\"},\"last9\":{\"wt\":\"Wadsworth\"},\"first9\":{\"wt\":\"R.\"},\"last10\":{\"wt\":\"Sanderson\"},\"first10\":{\"wt\":\"R.\"},\"last11\":{\"wt\":\"Thompson\"},\"first11\":{\"wt\":\"K.\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2006\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFAngoldSadlerHillPullin2006\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt77\">Angold, P. G.; Sadler, J. P.; Hill, M. O.; Pullin, A.; Rushton, S.; Austin, K.; Small, E.; Wood, B.; Wadsworth, R.; Sanderson, R.; Thompson, K. (2006). \"Biodiversity in urban habitat patches\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA60\">Science of the Total Environment<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwA64\">360<\/b> (<span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA68\">1\u2013<\/span>3): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7A\">196\u2013<\/span>204. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7E\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/scixplorer.org\/abs\/2006ScTEn.360..196A\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7I\" target=\"_new\">2006ScTEn.360..196A<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7M\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2005.08.035\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7Q\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.08.035<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7U\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7Y\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16297440\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7c\" target=\"_new\">16297440<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&amp;rft.atitle=Biodiversity+in+urban+habitat+patches&amp;rft.volume=360&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&amp;rft.pages=196-204&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16297440&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2005.08.035&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ScTEn.360..196A&amp;rft.aulast=Angold&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+G.&amp;rft.au=Sadler%2C+J.+P.&amp;rft.au=Hill%2C+M.+O.&amp;rft.au=Pullin%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Rushton%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Austin%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Small%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Wood%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Wadsworth%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Sanderson%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Thompson%2C+K.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt77\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7g\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-25\" id=\"cite_note-25\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7k\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7o\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7s\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-25\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt88\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7w\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Besold\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Joachim\"},\"last2\":{\"wt\":\"Huck\"},\"first2\":{\"wt\":\"Stefan\"},\"last3\":{\"wt\":\"Schmitt\"},\"first3\":{\"wt\":\"Thomas\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Allozyme Polymorphisms in the Small Heath, Coenonympha pamphilus: Recent Ecological Selection or Old Biogeographical Signal?\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Annales Zoologici Fennici\"},\"language\":{\"wt\":\"en-US\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"45\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"3\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"217\u2013228\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.5735\/086.045.0307\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2008\"},\"s2cid\":{\"wt\":\"54675292\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBesoldHuckSchmitt2008\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt88\">Besold, Joachim; Huck, Stefan; Schmitt, Thomas (2008). \"Allozyme Polymorphisms in the Small Heath, Coenonympha pamphilus: Recent Ecological Selection or Old Biogeographical Signal?\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA70\">Annales Zoologici Fennici<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwA74\">45<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA78\">217\u2013<\/span>228. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8A\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5735%2F086.045.0307\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8E\" target=\"_new\">10.5735\/086.045.0307<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8I\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8M\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:54675292\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8Q\" target=\"_new\">54675292<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annales+Zoologici+Fennici&amp;rft.atitle=Allozyme+Polymorphisms+in+the+Small+Heath%2C+Coenonympha+pamphilus%3A+Recent+Ecological+Selection+or+Old+Biogeographical+Signal%3F&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=217-228&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5735%2F086.045.0307&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54675292%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Besold&amp;rft.aufirst=Joachim&amp;rft.au=Huck%2C+Stefan&amp;rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Thomas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt88\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8U\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-WickmanKarlsson1987-26\" id=\"cite_note-WickmanKarlsson1987-26\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"26\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8Y\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WickmanKarlsson1987_26-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8c\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8g\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-WickmanKarlsson1987_26-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8k\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8o\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-WickmanKarlsson1987-26\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt91\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8s\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Wickman\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Per-Olof\"},\"last2\":{\"wt\":\"Karlsson\"},\"first2\":{\"wt\":\"Bengt\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Changes in egg colour, egg weight and oviposition rate with the number of eggs laid by wild females of the small heath butterfly, Coenonympha pamphilus\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Ecological Entomology\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"12\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"1\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1987\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"109\u2013114\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.1987.tb00989.x\"},\"bibcode\":{\"wt\":\"1987EcoEn..12..109W\"},\"s2cid\":{\"wt\":\"85045063\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWickmanKarlsson1987\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt91\">Wickman, Per-Olof; Karlsson, Bengt (1987). \"Changes in egg colour, egg weight and oviposition rate with the number of eggs laid by wild females of the small heath butterfly, Coenonympha pamphilus\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA8w\">Ecological Entomology<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwA80\">12<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA84\">109\u2013<\/span>114. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA88\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/scixplorer.org\/abs\/1987EcoEn..12..109W\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9A\" target=\"_new\">1987EcoEn..12..109W<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9E\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2311.1987.tb00989.x\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9I\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1365-2311.1987.tb00989.x<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9M\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9Q\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:85045063\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9U\" target=\"_new\">85045063<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecological+Entomology&amp;rft.atitle=Changes+in+egg+colour%2C+egg+weight+and+oviposition+rate+with+the+number+of+eggs+laid+by+wild+females+of+the+small+heath+butterfly%2C+Coenonympha+pamphilus&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=109-114&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85045063%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2311.1987.tb00989.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987EcoEn..12..109W&amp;rft.aulast=Wickman&amp;rft.aufirst=Per-Olof&amp;rft.au=Karlsson%2C+Bengt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt91\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9Y\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-27\" id=\"cite_note-27\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9c\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9g\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9k\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-27\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt95\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9o\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"last\":{\"wt\":\"Wiklund\"},\"first\":{\"wt\":\"Christer\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"1984\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Egg-Laying Patterns in Butterflies in Relation to Their Phenology and the Visual Apparency and Abundance of Their Host Plants\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Oecologia\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"63\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"1\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"23\u201329\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1007\/bf00379780\"},\"pmid\":{\"wt\":\"28311161\"},\"bibcode\":{\"wt\":\"1984Oecol..63...23W\"},\"jstor\":{\"wt\":\"4217346\"},\"s2cid\":{\"wt\":\"29210301\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWiklund1984\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt95\">Wiklund, Christer (1984). \"Egg-Laying Patterns in Butterflies in Relation to Their Phenology and the Visual Apparency and Abundance of Their Host Plants\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA9s\">Oecologia<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwA9w\">63<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA90\">23\u2013<\/span>29. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA94\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/scixplorer.org\/abs\/1984Oecol..63...23W\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA98\" target=\"_new\">1984Oecol..63...23W<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-A\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fbf00379780\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-E\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/bf00379780<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-I\" target=\"_new\">JSTOR<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-M\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4217346\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-Q\" target=\"_new\">4217346<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-U\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-Y\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28311161\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-c\" target=\"_new\">28311161<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-g\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-k\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:29210301\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-o\" target=\"_new\">29210301<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oecologia&amp;rft.atitle=Egg-Laying+Patterns+in+Butterflies+in+Relation+to+Their+Phenology+and+the+Visual+Apparency+and+Abundance+of+Their+Host+Plants&amp;rft.volume=63&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=23-29&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29210301%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984Oecol..63...23W&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28311161&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00379780&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4217346%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Wiklund&amp;rft.aufirst=Christer&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt95\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-s\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-28\" id=\"cite_note-28\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-w\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-0\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-4\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-28\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt119\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-8\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal \",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1007\/s002650050348\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"An estimate of female mate searching costs in the lekking butterfly Coenonympha pamphilus\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"40\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"5\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"321\u2013328\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1997\"},\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Wickman\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Per-Olof\"},\"last2\":{\"wt\":\"Jansson\"},\"first2\":{\"wt\":\"Peter\"},\"s2cid\":{\"wt\":\"25290065\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWickmanJansson1997\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt119\">Wickman, Per-Olof; Jansson, Peter (1997). \"An estimate of female mate searching costs in the lekking butterfly Coenonympha pamphilus\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA_A\">Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwA_E\">40<\/b> (5): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_I\">321\u2013<\/span>328. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_M\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs002650050348\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_Q\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/s002650050348<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_U\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_Y\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:25290065\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_c\" target=\"_new\">25290065<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&amp;rft.atitle=An+estimate+of+female+mate+searching+costs+in+the+lekking+butterfly+Coenonympha+pamphilus&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=321-328&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs002650050348&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25290065%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Wickman&amp;rft.aufirst=Per-Olof&amp;rft.au=Jansson%2C+Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt119\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_g\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-29\" id=\"cite_note-29\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_k\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_o\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_s\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-29\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt124\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_w\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite journal \",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Cahenzli\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Fabian\"},\"last2\":{\"wt\":\"Erhardt\"},\"first2\":{\"wt\":\"Andreas\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"January 2013\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Nectar amino acids enhance reproduction in male butterflies\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Oecologia\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"171\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"1\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"197\u2013205\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1007\/s00442-012-2395-8\"},\"pmid\":{\"wt\":\"22744741\"},\"bibcode\":{\"wt\":\"2013Oecol.171..197C\"},\"s2cid\":{\"wt\":\"14761851\"},\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/doc.rero.ch\/record\/317958\/files\/442_2012_Article_2395.pdf\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFCahenzliErhardt2013\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt124\">Cahenzli, Fabian; Erhardt, Andreas (January 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/doc.rero.ch\/record\/317958\/files\/442_2012_Article_2395.pdf\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_0\" target=\"_new\">\"Nectar amino acids enhance reproduction in male butterflies\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_4\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA_8\">Oecologia<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwBAA\">171<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAE\">197\u2013<\/span>205. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAI\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/scixplorer.org\/abs\/2013Oecol.171..197C\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAM\" target=\"_new\">2013Oecol.171..197C<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAQ\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs00442-012-2395-8\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAU\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/s00442-012-2395-8<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAY\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAc\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22744741\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAg\" target=\"_new\">22744741<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAk\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAo\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:14761851\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAs\" target=\"_new\">14761851<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oecologia&amp;rft.atitle=Nectar+amino+acids+enhance+reproduction+in+male+butterflies&amp;rft.volume=171&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=197-205&amp;rft.date=2013-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00442-012-2395-8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14761851%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22744741&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Oecol.171..197C&amp;rft.aulast=Cahenzli&amp;rft.aufirst=Fabian&amp;rft.au=Erhardt%2C+Andreas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F317958%2Ffiles%2F442_2012_Article_2395.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt124\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAw\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-30\" id=\"cite_note-30\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBA0\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBA4\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBA8\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-30\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt127\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBA\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite journal \",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Karlsson\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Bengt\"},\"last2\":{\"wt\":\"Wiklund\"},\"first2\":{\"wt\":\"Christer\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2005-01-01\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Butterfly life history and temperature adaptations; dry open habitats select for increased fecundity and longevity\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Journal of Animal Ecology\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"74\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"1\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"99\u2013104\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2004.00902.x\"},\"doi-access\":{\"wt\":\"free\"},\"bibcode\":{\"wt\":\"2005JAnEc..74...99K\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFKarlssonWiklund2005\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt127\">Karlsson, Bengt; Wiklund, Christer (2005-01-01). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2656.2004.00902.x\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBE\" target=\"_new\">\"Butterfly life history and temperature adaptations; dry open habitats select for increased fecundity and longevity\"<\/a>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBBI\">Journal of Animal Ecology<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwBBM\">74<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBQ\">99\u2013<\/span>104. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBU\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/scixplorer.org\/abs\/2005JAnEc..74...99K\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBY\" target=\"_new\">2005JAnEc..74...99K<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBc\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBg\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2656.2004.00902.x\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBk\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2004.00902.x<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Butterfly+life+history+and+temperature+adaptations%3B+dry+open+habitats+select+for+increased+fecundity+and+longevity&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=99-104&amp;rft.date=2005-01-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2656.2004.00902.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JAnEc..74...99K&amp;rft.aulast=Karlsson&amp;rft.aufirst=Bengt&amp;rft.au=Wiklund%2C+Christer&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2656.2004.00902.x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt127\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBo\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-31\" id=\"cite_note-31\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBs\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-31\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBw\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBB0\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-31\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt131\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBB4\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal \",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.3897\/JHR.47.6508\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Emergence behaviour of adult Trogus lapidator (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae, Heresiarchini) from pupa of its host Papilio machaon L. (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae), with a comparative overview of emergence of Ichneumonidae from Lepidoptera pupae in Europe\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Journal of Hymenoptera Research\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"47\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"65\u201385\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2015\"},\"last1\":{\"wt\":\"Shaw\"},\"first1\":{\"wt\":\"Mark\"},\"last2\":{\"wt\":\"Kan\"},\"first2\":{\"wt\":\"Pieter\"},\"last3\":{\"wt\":\"Limburg Stirum\"},\"first3\":{\"wt\":\"Brigitte Kan-van\"},\"doi-access\":{\"wt\":\"free\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFShawKanLimburg_Stirum2015\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt131\">Shaw, Mark; Kan, Pieter; Limburg Stirum, Brigitte Kan-van (2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897%2FJHR.47.6508\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBB8\" target=\"_new\">\"Emergence behaviour of adult Trogus lapidator (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae, Heresiarchini) from pupa of its host Papilio machaon L. (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae), with a comparative overview of emergence of Ichneumonidae from Lepidoptera pupae in Europe\"<\/a>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBCA\">Journal of Hymenoptera Research<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwBCE\">47<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCI\">65\u2013<\/span>85. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCM\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCQ\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897%2FJHR.47.6508\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCU\" target=\"_new\">10.3897\/JHR.47.6508<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hymenoptera+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Emergence+behaviour+of+adult+Trogus+lapidator+%28Fabricius%29+%28Hymenoptera%2C+Ichneumonidae%2C+Ichneumoninae%2C+Heresiarchini%29+from+pupa+of+its+host+Papilio+machaon+L.+%28Lepidoptera%2C+Papilionidae%29%2C+with+a+comparative+overview+of+emergence+of+Ichneumonidae+from+Lepidoptera+pupae+in+Europe&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.pages=65-85&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2FJHR.47.6508&amp;rft.aulast=Shaw&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.au=Kan%2C+Pieter&amp;rft.au=Limburg+Stirum%2C+Brigitte+Kan-van&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3897%252FJHR.47.6508&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt131\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCY\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-32\" id=\"cite_note-32\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCc\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCg\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCk\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-32\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt138\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCo\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite journal \",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"last\":{\"wt\":\"Bink\"},\"first\":{\"wt\":\"F.A.\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2010\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Coenonympha species in The Netherlands (Lepidoptera)\"},\"url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/www.cabdirect.org\/cabdirect\/abstract\/20103093457\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Entomologische Berichten\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"70\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"37\u201344\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBink2010\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt138\">Bink, F.A. (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cabdirect.org\/cabdirect\/abstract\/20103093457\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCs\" target=\"_new\">\"Coenonympha species in The Netherlands (Lepidoptera)\"<\/a>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBCw\">Entomologische Berichten<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwBC0\">70<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBC4\">37\u2013<\/span>44.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Entomologische+Berichten&amp;rft.atitle=Coenonympha+species+in+The+Netherlands+%28Lepidoptera%29&amp;rft.volume=70&amp;rft.pages=37-44&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Bink&amp;rft.aufirst=F.A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fcabdirect%2Fabstract%2F20103093457&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmall+heath+%28butterfly%29\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt138\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBC8\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"32\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDA\" aria-labelledby=\"External_links\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-External_links\">External links<\/h2><\/div>\n<span class=\"mw-empty-elt\" about=\"#mwt148\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDE\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Wikispecies\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Wikispecies\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"Coenonympha pamphilus\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'><\/span>\n<ul id=\"rdp-we-mwBDM\"><li id=\"rdp-we-mwBDQ\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/butterfly-conservation.org\/679-777\/small-heath.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDU\" target=\"_new\">Butterfly Conservation species page<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwBDY\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.eurobutterflies.com\/species_pages\/pamphilus.htm\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDc\" target=\"_new\">Images of small heath<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwBDg\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leps.it\/indexjs.htm?SpeciesPages\/CoenoPamphi.htm\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDk\" target=\"_new\">Small heath<\/a>, Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\" about=\"#mwt152\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDo\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Taxonbar\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Taxonbar\"},\"params\":{\"from\":{\"wt\":\"Q855094\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'><\/div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Taxon_identifiers3267\" style=\"padding:3px\" about=\"#mwt152\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDs\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div id=\"rdp-we-Taxon_identifiers3267\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Taxon_identifiers\" title=\"Help:Taxon identifiers\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taxon identifiers<\/a><\/div><\/th><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: left;\"><i>Coenonympha pamphilus<\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikidata\" title=\"Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikidata<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\/Interwiki\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q855094\" title=\"wikidata:Q855094\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">Q855094<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikispecies\" title=\"Wikispecies\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikispecies<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\/Interwiki\" href=\"https:\/\/species.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Coenonympha%20pamphilus\" title=\"wikispecies:Coenonympha pamphilus\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">Coenonympha pamphilus<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">BioLib: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biolib.cz\/en\/taxon\/id51669\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">51669<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System\" title=\"Barcode of Life Data System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">BOLD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/bench.boldsystems.org\/index.php\/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=29603\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">29603<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/5ZJCN\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">5ZJCN<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclopedia_of_Life\" title=\"Encyclopedia of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">EoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/eol.org\/pages\/135713\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">135713<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EPPO_Code\" title=\"EPPO Code\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">EPPO<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/gd.eppo.int\/taxon\/CENYPA\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">CENYPA<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Nature_Information_System\" title=\"European Nature Information System\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">EUNIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/eunis.eea.europa.eu\/species\/90668\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">90668<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fauna_Europaea\" title=\"Fauna Europaea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fauna Europaea<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.eu-nomen.eu\/portal\/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:441285\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">441285<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fauna_Europaea\" title=\"Fauna Europaea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fauna Europaea (new)<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/fauna-eu.org\/cdm_dataportal\/taxon\/3798693a-9fe3-41a2-ae96-e0f713a8e8d6\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">3798693a-9fe3-41a2-ae96-e0f713a8e8d6<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility\" title=\"Global Biodiversity Information Facility\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GBIF<\/a> (old): <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/1911461\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">1911461<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INaturalist\" title=\"INaturalist\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">iNaturalist<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/inaturalist.org\/taxa\/52589\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">52589<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">Insecta.pro: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/insecta.pro\/taxonomy\/8633\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">8633<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Global_Lepidoptera_Names_Index\" title=\"The Global Lepidoptera Names Index\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">LepIndex<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nhm.ac.uk\/our-science\/data\/lepindex\/detail?taxonno=138848\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">138848<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">LoB: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/projects.biodiversity.be\/lepidoptera\/species\/5855\/\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">5855<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">MaBENA: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leps.it\/indexjs.htm?SpeciesPages\/CoenoPamphi.htm\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">CoenoPamphi<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Biodiversity_Network\" title=\"National Biodiversity Network\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NBN<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/species.nbnatlas.org\/species\/NHMSYS0000519083\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">NHMSYS0000519083<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information\" title=\"National Center for Biotechnology Information\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NCBI<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/datasets\/taxonomy\/242262\/\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">242262<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Observation.org\" title=\"Observation.org\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Observation.org<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/observation.org\/species\/707\/\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">707<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Tree_of_Life\" title=\"Open Tree of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Open Tree of Life<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/tree.opentreeoflife.org\/taxonomy\/browse?id=145068\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">145068<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\n<link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Coenonympha\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDw\"\/>\n<link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Butterflies_of_Africa\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBD0\"\/>\n<link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Butterflies_of_Asia\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBD4\"\/>\n<link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Butterflies_of_Europe\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBD8\"\/>\n<link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Butterflies_described_in_1758\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEA\"\/>\n<link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Taxobox_binomials_not_recognized_by_IUCN\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEE\"\/> <!-- Coenonympha pamphilus --><\/section>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw\u2010web.eqiad.main\u201058cf6dbc6c\u20102cz6b\nCached time: 20261108021544\nCache expiry: 2592000\nCache expiry source: Module:Cite_IUCN (os.date(%Y))\nReduced expiry: 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